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Biochemistry
Biochemistry is the study of the structure, composition and chemical processes in all living organisms. It covers the structures and functions of various cellular components, including proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids, and other biomolecules.
8,065 Questions
What is composition of cow urine?
Cow urine is composed of water (approx. 95%), urea, uric acid, creatinine, electrolytes like sodium and potassium, as well as trace amounts of vitamins and proteins. It also contains substances like ammonia, enzymes, and antibiotics which give it its antibacterial properties.
Define primary structure and describe how it may be deduced in the laboratory?
The primary structure is the formation of the amino acid sequence within a protein. It can be deduced in a laboratory by hydrolyzing the protein into small peptide chains, dehydrolyzing the protein into small peptide chains, determining their amino acid sequences, and then overlapping the sequences of small fragments created with different agents to reconstruct the whole polypeptide.
Internal calibration is a process in analytical chemistry where a reference substance or standard is added directly to a sample before analysis. This helps account for variations in instrument response or other factors that can affect the accuracy of measurements. By including the internal standard, analysts can correct for these variations and ensure more precise results.
Enzymes are the protein molecules which are involved in the metabolic reactions in the body. These enzymes act as catalysts to various biochemical reactions that take place both in the cell and in extracellular fluids such as stomach acid. They leave the reaction as they entered it with no net chemical changes to the enzyme itself, although some enzymes will chemically react with substrates to form enzyme-substrate intermediates part way through a reaction. They accelerate the reaction by decreasing the activation energy of the reaction, and by weakly binding and orienating substrates into reaction favourable conditions. Enzymes can be called biocatalysts. Most enzymes are proteins but not all proteins are enzymes. There are also Ribozymes, which are enzymes but catalysis is by RNA rather than protein. The ribozyme was first observed by Zaug & Cech in 1986. For their work on ribozymes Thomas Cech and C. Altman received a Nobel prize in 1989. There are several different types of enzymes. Enzymes are highly specific, meaning a particular enzyme will only take part in the particular reaction that it was designed for. • Isomerases - involved in isomerization reactions • Ligases - used to join bonds [ATP is required] • Hydrolases - involved in the hydrolysis of bonds in the presence of water • Transferases - these type of enzymes are helpful to transfer one substrate to another. • Lyases - involved in non-hydrolytic cleavage of bonds •Oxidoreductases - involved in oxidation and reduction reactions This list is non-exhaustive - there are many other types of enzymes as well.
A solution in which water is the solvent?
Solvent = substance in more abundance.
Solute = substance in less abundance.
Put a little something in a lot of water. The something is the solute and the water is the solvent. For example, salt water is a solution where the salt is the solute and the water is the solvent.
All your cells in the body need these sugars to eat and dispose of wastes. This includes your immune system cells, ie, NK, kpuffer, macrophages, t-cells, etc.They are essential for the creation of new stem cells in the body.They also act as the main source of energy in our bodies.
Definition of electron transport chain?
Equally important is the ETC's ability to create a proton gradient. Protons (really hydrogen ions, H+) are released from the electron donors such as NADH. This creates a high concentration of protons on one side of a membrane and a low concentration of protons one the other side. Because the protons "want" to diffuse back across the membrane, they will release energy when crossing. ATP synthase captures this energy to make ATP in a process called chemiosmosis.
The ETC involves many complex molecules - some of which are not fully understood. For more information about the process and function behind the ETC, see the related links below.
What role does imagination and imitation play in childhood development?
Imaganation can be good for the time being to help strenthen the mind. Imitation can help relate things to your child to help him better understand things. This stratagy works best the younger your child is. The older they are, the more in touch they are with reality, and they probably won't like their imginary friend any more.
A pleated sheet organization in a polypeptide chain is an example of which structure?
A pleated sheet organization in a polypeptide chain is an example of secondary protein structure, specifically beta sheet secondary structure. It involves hydrogen bonding between neighboring polypeptide strands running in opposite directions.
What are three things that will slow-down the rate of a chemical reaction?
- Low temperature: Lower temperatures decrease the kinetic energy of molecules, leading to fewer successful collisions.
- High activation energy: Requiring more energy to start the reaction results in a slower rate.
- Decreased concentration of reactants: Fewer reactant molecules present decreases the chance of collisions.
What is the monosaccharide of sucrose?
No. Sucrose is a disaccharide and is formed from two monosaccharides bonded by a glycosidic linkage. The two monomers or monosaccharides that form sucrose or table sugar are glucose and fructose.
What does inhibitor do to enzyme activity?
What does inhibitor do to enzyme activity?
They prevent the reactions from happening. Non-competative inhibitors alter the shape of the active site so that the substrate no longer fits, and competative inhibitors block the active site.
Metals such as gold, platinum, and silver do not rust because they are inert and do not react with oxygen in the air to form oxides. Additionally, metals like stainless steel contain chromium, which forms a protective oxide layer that prevents rusting.
What is the site of cellular respiration?
Mitochondria in the cell are the site of energy (cellular respiration) production.
What are the enviromental factors that affect enzyme action?
Temperature: increasing the temp. will increase the reaction rate of any reaction
pH of solution: also effects the shape of the enzyme by changing the interactions of charges on the acidic (- charge) and basic (+ charge) amino acids.
Number of substrate and/or enzyme molecules available:the amount of workers vs. materials and vice versa. Presence of inhibitors: Competitive - action at the active site, similar molecules in shape
Non-competitive / allosteric - ('other' 'shape')
What makes up the backbone of the DNA molecule?
The backbone of the DNA molecule is made up of alternating sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate groups. These sugar-phosphate backbones run along the outside of the double helix structure, providing stability to the DNA molecule.
Where does chemosynthesis take place?
Chemosynthesis takes place in environments with limited sunlight, such as deep-sea hydrothermal vents and certain underground ecosystems. In these locations, bacteria use inorganic compounds as a source of energy to produce organic molecules.
Peptidation is a protein synthesis inhibitor. Peptidation is a model based off of RNA selection in the cells of all multicellular organisms.
Symptoms of digoxin toxicity may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite, confusion, visual disturbances, and irregular heart rhythms. Severe toxicity can lead to life-threatening complications such as cardiac arrest and death. It is essential to seek immediate medical attention if digoxin toxicity is suspected.
What is the chemical evolution theory?
I'm not sure that I understand what the question means.
The phrase chemical evolution is often used to refer to chemical and mechanical processes that lead to the emergence of cellular life on Earth, or abiogenesis.
Nothing comes to mind at the words pattern component, in this context.
What are characteristics are physical properties and which are chemical properties?
Chemical properties- properties that do change the chemical nature of matter.For example the heat of combustion, reactivity with water, PH, and electromotive force. Physical properties-properties that do not change the chemical nature of water. For example color, smell, freezing point, boilig point, melting point, infra red-spectrum, attraction(paramagnetic) or repulsion(diamagnetic) to magnets, opacity,viscosity and density.
WOuld pickle cravings be linked to vitamin or other deficiencies?
A food craving for pickles, which may be believed to indicate a need for sodium, may actually be triggered by a potassium deficiency. It is best to consult your doctor and have them do blood work rather than overdo it on vitamins or minerals you may not need.
Vitamin D zones refer to geographical areas where people have higher or lower levels of vitamin D due to factors like sunlight exposure, diet, and lifestyle. Zones closer to the equator typically have more vitamin D due to increased sunlight, while zones farther from the equator have lower levels due to limited sun exposure.
What causes Benedict's reagent to turn red?
This is due to the reduction of the cupric (Cu2+) ions in Benedict's reagent to cuprous form (Cu1+) by reducing sugars, forming cuprous oxide (Cu2O), which is a brick red precipitate. This is why Benedict's test is a good way to detect reducing sugars.
In which state of matter do particles have the most energyExplain your answer?
The particles in gaseous state has the most energy. The particles in gases are far away and the least forces of attraction. Hence they vibrate most and have the highest energy.
The least will be for solids for exactly opposite reason.
