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Biochemistry

Biochemistry is the study of the structure, composition and chemical processes in all living organisms. It covers the structures and functions of various cellular components, including proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids, and other biomolecules.

8,065 Questions

Does cod liver and vitamin E capsules have side effects on your body?

Not unless you take a bottle at a time: per dose--even that would not do anything. Vitamin E is essential for healthy skin, vascular health and is a very good anti-oxidant. yeah but what about cod liver capsules ? Cod liver capsules is rich in fish oils; which exert or produce the same effect essentially as Vitamin E.

How many aminos acids are there?

There are 21 amino acids found in the human body used to synthesize proteins, one of which can not be created directly by the human body. This is called Selenocysteine, and is found in eukaryotes.

There is a 22nd amino acide, Pyrrolysine, which is used by some methanogenic archaea.

There are many others, but these 22 are the only ones essential to life.

How much of each ingredient do I need to make a 1mL lysis buffer solution?

You need to specify, lysis buffer for bacteria or eukaryotic cell. The most common buffer cocktail for eukaryotic cells is composed by an hypertonic solution and cell disrupters. To answer this question the proper amounts of the ingredients for 1 mL would be:

8.77 mg of NaCl (150 mM, the hypertonic component)

10 microliters NP-40 [can be replaced by 1 microliter (0.1%) of Triton X-100, a detergent]

6.06 mg of Tris in 100 microliters [Tris hydroxymethyl aminomethane, make 10 mL of a 100X solution (that is, 605.5 mg in 10 mL water, adjust to pH 8.0)]

890 microliters of distilled water.

In some cases can be added some protease inhibitors such as PMSF, leupeptin, Aprotinin, etc. at concentrations of 1 microgram/mL. Store at 4oC for one month.

Now, to make a lysis buffer for bacteria, the composition is different. For 1 mL mix:

6.06 mg of Tris in 100 microliters, as before

17.53 mg of NaCl (300 mM)

100 microliters of PMSF [Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride, make 10X solution (1.742 mg in 10 mL of water)]

980 microliters of distilled water

add aprotinin, leupeptin, and pepstatin at final concentration of 1 microgram/mL.

Usually, to break the bacteria cell wall it is useful a lab blender. Disruption of both, eukaryotic and bacteria cells, must be done in cold conditions, usually on ice-water bath.

How are AMP and GMP synthesized via the de novo pathway?

PRPP (5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate) is synthesized from ribose sugar. PRPP can then be converted to the purine nucleotide IMP (inosine monophosphate or inosinate). The IMP is formed piece-by-piece on an activated PRPP. This process requires nine steps and requires the energy of at least 6 ATPs.

IMP is a common precursor of AMP and GMP. GTP is needed to convert IMP into adenylosuccinate which is then converted into AMP. AMP is converted into XMP and requires ATP to form GMP. There is a reciprocal regulation of the synthesis of AMP and GMP. ATP and GTP are used to prevent the overaccumulation of AMP and GMP.


The accumulation of AMP inhibits the formation of adenylosucciante and the accumulation of GMP inhibits the formation of XMP.

What are the characteristics of the lipoprotein lipase enzyme?

its low activity in obese people explains, in part, the inability to mobilize storage fate for energy when following an energy-restricted diet.

What is the corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test for?

The CRH stimulation test is given to help distinguish between patients with pituitary adenomas and those with either ectopic ACTH syndrome or cortisol-secreting adrenal tumors.

What types of macromolecules are in Reese's?

Reese's contain primarily carbohydrates (sugars), fats (in the form of peanut butter and cocoa butter), and proteins (in the form of peanut butter). The dominant macromolecules in Reese's are carbohydrates and fats.

What does it mean to say that matter is a 'sine qua non' in a human life?

The Latin phrase 'sine qua non' may be taken to mean '[a condition] without which it could not be'. The word-by-word translation is the following: 'sine' means 'without'; 'qua' means 'which'; and 'non' means 'not'. It therefore is an 'indspensable and essential action, condition or ingredient'. And so the statement says that human life is impossible without matter.

What dangers do high levels of nitrates in the drinking water present for infants?

Humans and other animals usually have bacteria that convert nitrates into nitrates in their large intestines. For adults, the presence of these bacteria in the digestive system is not harmful, because the stomach of an adult is so acidic that the bacteria cannot survive. But the stomach of an infant is much less acidic, so the bacteria can move up into the stomach, where they will convert nitrates into nitrites. The nitrites can then pass into the blood of the infant.

What research has been done on betaine hydrochloride?

Some research suggests that individuals with a wide variety of chronic disorders, such as allergies, asthma , and gallstones , do not produce adequate amounts of stomach acid.

How is lubricating gel used?

i think guys are the only ones that use this when they want to play with themselves and get better pleasure.

Vitamin d sun?

If you mean,"do we get vitamin D from the sun?" then yes, we do. If you mean,"does the sun burn up vitamin D?" or,"Did the sun come into existence as a giant ball of vitamin D?" then no.

Why does glycine test positive on biurets amino acid testing?

It shouldn't test positive. The Biuret test is only positive for a peptide or protein with 2 or more peptide bonds. Glycine is an individual amino acid. You'll see the blue from the Cu2+ with Glycine, but that's a negative result. A violet color is the positive.