Biochemistry

body to produce a specific response. These receptors are typically located on the surface of target cells or inside the cell. Binding of the hormone to the receptor triggers a signaling pathway that leads to a physiological effect.

The primary structure is a one or two dimensional structure, whereas the secondary structure is a three dimensional structure in which different parts of the protein molecule bend and twist due to the formation of hydrogen bonds between atoms. This makes the secondary structure shorter than the primary structure.

When ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and inorganic phosphate, a high-energy bond is formed in the phosphate-phosphate bond of ATP. This bond is rich in energy due to the repulsion between the negatively charged phosphate groups, making it readily available for cellular work. This energy can be harnessed for various biological processes, such as muscle contraction, active transport, and signaling.

Cytosine, a pyrimidine (sugar) base, pairs with Guanine, a purine (nitrogen) base.

Light-independent reactions take place outside the thylakoids, in the stroma. The stroma is the fluid part of the chloroplast. The thylakoids are an abundance of saclike photosynthetic membranes.

A heat filter is used to regulate the temperature during photosynthesis to optimize enzyme activity and biochemical reactions. Photosynthesis can be affected by extreme temperatures, so a heat filter helps to maintain an ideal temperature range for efficient photosynthetic processes.

The main enzyme involved in taste perception is called amylase. Amylase helps break down carbohydrates into simpler sugars on the taste buds, which can then be detected by taste receptors. This process allows us to perceive sweet flavors in food.

According to Madelung rule the no. of electrons filled in a shell or orbit depends on the energy of shell or orbit .

lower is the energy of shell higher will be its priority for electron filling.

1st orbit can have 2 electrons

2nd orbit can have 8 electrons

3rd orbit can have 18 electrons

4th one can have 32 electrons and so on.

These are the most stable configurations of atoms.

it seems that only electrons are responsible for atom's stability, because they are present outside nucleus of atom and take part in the chemical reaction.

As it is natural fact that every object in this world try to attain stability, the same principle applies on the stability of atom.

if an atom have 5 electrons it will either try to gain 3 more electrons or try to lose 3 electrons as it will try to attain the most stable configuration as it is given above.

Only after attaining the stable configuration, the atom will be inert i.e.it will not react.

The two primary functions of the cell membrane are to regulate the passage of substances in and out of the cell (selective permeability) and to maintain the cell's internal environment by controlling the balance of ions and nutrients.

Orally ingested enzyme supplements are broken down in the stomach and small intestine by digestive enzymes. These supplements may or may not be absorbed intact into the bloodstream, and any excess enzymes are typically excreted in the feces.

Simply put, the enzymatic method ( eg. glucose oxidase and hexokinase etc.) is the best method for blood glucose concentration because of its specificity. This yeilds maximum specificity for glucose estimation even in a comlpex mixture.

Sherry-Ann Ramnarine-Phillips

The molecular weight of a histidine (HIS) tag can vary depending on the number of histidine residues in the tag. Typically, a HIS-tag consists of 6-10 histidine residues, resulting in a molecular weight range of approximately 0.7 to 1.2 kDa.

The optimum temperature and pH of an enzyme vary depending on the enzyme. Generally, enzymes have an optimum temperature around body temperature (37°C) and an optimum pH around neutral (pH 7). However, these values can differ significantly for different enzymes based on their specific structure and function.

Both start with glycolysis... but once you reach pyruvic acid, they're very different. Respiration final product is an inorganic compound (oxygen) whereas fermentation final product is an organic compound (such as lactic acid or ethanol)

the lytic cycle causes disease

apex 2.1.6 During the iysogenic cycle, the cell is not killed

The two building blocks of lipids are fatty acids and glycerol. Fatty acids are long hydrocarbon chains while glycerol is a three-carbon alcohol that serves as the backbone for triglycerides.

A tertiary protein structure is the three-dimensional arrangement of a polypeptide chain. An example of a tertiary protein structure is the globular shape of enzymes like catalase or lysozyme. This structure is crucial for the protein's function as it determines the active sites and binding sites.

Regulation of the

cell cycle

prevents cell from multiplying and growing when they are not needed. In abnormal cells, they continue through the cell cycle without crucial stop and

checkpoints

. These checkpoints are important because this is how the cell determines if the phase before was carried out properly. Lots of cancers form because of this. Cell that proliferate through its cycle and continue to grow and grow and grow.

Mitochondria have two [bi-lipid layer] membranes: a smooth and slightly elastic outer membrane and an inner membrane that has [surface area increasing] inward folds called cristae.

Inside the inner compartment is the 'matrix', which is a gel-like phase that contains about 50% protein.

An average apple typically contains about 25-30 grams of carbohydrates, with the majority coming from natural sugars like fructose.

No, allosteric regulation involves molecules binding to a site other than the active site (allosteric site) to either activate or inhibit enzyme activity. This type of regulation can involve activators or inhibitors that induce conformational changes in the enzyme, affecting its activity.

The cell can produce a net gain of 2 ATP molecules from a single molecule of glucose through the process of glycolysis. This occurs during the conversion of glucose to pyruvate.

Maintaining a constant internal temperature and pH values is crucial for the proper functioning of enzymes and metabolic processes within living organisms. Fluctuations in temperature and pH can denature proteins, disrupt biochemical reactions, and ultimately lead to cell dysfunction or death. Consistency in these parameters ensures optimal conditions for biological processes to occur efficiently.

No, amino acids do not lose 3 OH ends. Amino acids have one carboxyl group (COOH) and one amino group (NH2) attached to a central carbon atom. The central carbon atom also has a side chain (R group) attached to it.