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Engineering

Engineering is an art and profession devoted to designing, constructing, and operating the structures, machines, and other devices of industry and everyday life.

5,839 Questions

What is heat dissipation in a circuit?

Power isn't really dissipated in a circuit. It's energythat is dissipated. So the expression, 'power dissipation', really means is the 'rate of energy dissipation'.

So, when an engineer asks, "What is the power dissipation?", what he is actually means is "What is the rate of energy dissipation?"

What is energy dissipation? Well, work is done whenever a current flows through a conductor; this increases the internal energy of that conductor which, in turn, causes its temperature to rise. Because the temperature of the conductor is higher than the surrounding temperature, energy is lost to the surroundings through heat transfer.

What were the inventions between 1910-2010?

Radio's, electrical heaters, and lights. Interestingly, the 1930 USA census had a column to list whether a household had a radio or not.

Is it true that engineering is not for people who are bad writers?

No, it is not common for engineers to be unable to write essays and papers. Many engineers work on research, auditing, managing, quality control. equipment design, ,,, etc. All those categories of engineers sure learned and knew how to write reports and essays.

How do you weld monel?

Monel Alloy 400 is readily joined by conventional process and procedures, Most of conventional welding process may be used to Join Monel Alloy 400 tto itself or disimilar alloys.

How Convert decimal to binary using stack?

Decimal to Binary Using a Stack

There is no need to program a computer to convert from decimal to binary because all programming languages do this by default; they are binary computers after all. That is, if we want to store the decimal value 42 in computer memory, we simply assign the literal constant 42 to some variable or constant. But the value that is actually assigned is really the binary value 00101010. Moreover, even if we were to assign the hexadecimal value 0x2A or even the octal value 052, the value will still be automatically converted to the binary value 00101010. These are all different representations of the decimal value forty-two, but 00101010 is the only way that value can be physically stored in computer memory.

Of course we may choose to store the value as a string, "42", however it is no longer a numeric value at that point, it is a character array. However, most languages will provide some library function that can convert the string representation of a numeric value into their actual numeric representation. In C, for instance, we would simply use the atoi() function. Nevertheless, it is not something we need to specifically cater for; the function does all the hard work for us, converting the string, "42", into the equivalent binary value 00101010.

However, although decimal integer values are always stored in native binary code, presenting that binary value to the user isn't as straightforward. All languages will automatically convert the binary value back to decimal for display purposes, but what it's actually doing behind the scenes is converting the binary value 00101010 into the string "42" and then printing the string. In other words, it is the reverse of the atoi() function, essentially the equivalent of the itoa() function.

Given that we don't need to program either of these conversions, it's easy to forget that these conversions are taking place. Given that humans work predominantly in decimal it is only natural that these conversions be done automatically for us, but it is a high-level concept; it is an abstraction. While there's nothing wrong in thinking at a high-level, it's important to be aware of the low-level operations that are actually taking place, because the more we know about what's really going on behind the scenes, the more easily we can exploit them. The high-level concept of converting from decimal to binary is only one such example where we can exploit the fact that the conversion to binary is already done for us behind the scenes. All we really need to do is present the result to the user.

To achieve this we need to convert the binary value to a string, in much the same way as the itoa() function converts a binary value into a decimal string, except we convert to a binary string. A stack makes this incredibly simple. We simply examine the low-order bit and push a '1' character onto the stack if the bit is set, otherwise we push a '0'. We then shift all the bits one bit to the right and repeat the process. We continue in this manner until the binary value is zero. If the number of elements on the stack is not an exact multiple of 8, we can (optionally) push additional '0' characters onto the stack for padding. Finally, we print the top-most element on the stack and then pop it off the stack, repeating until the stack is empty.

Thus if we use the value 00101010 once more, we examine the low-order bit. It is not set so we push a '0' onto the (empty) stack. We then shift the bits one place to the right, giving us 00010101. The low-order bit is now set so we push a '1'. We repeat the process, pushing a '0', then a '1', another '0' and another '1'. At this stage, the binary value is 00000000 so we are done. The stack has only six elements so we (optionally) push another two '0' characters onto the stack for padding. Now we begin popping the stack, printing the top-most element before each pop. When we are done, we will have output the character sequence "00101010".

The following code in C++ shows how this might be implemented as a function. The return value is a string containing the binary representation of the function argument, dec.

std::string dec2bin(int dec) {
std::stack s {}; initialise an empty stack of characters
while (dec) {
if (dec & 0x1) // if the low-order bit is set...
s.push ('1');
else
s.push ('0');
dec >>= 0x1; // shift-right
}
while (s.size() % 8) s.push('0'); // pad the stack to the nearest 8-bit boundary
std::string bin {}; // initialise return value (empty string)
while (!s.empty()) {
bin.append (s.top());
s.pop();
}
return bin;
}

Example usage:

int main() {
std::cout << "Enter an integer value: ";
int i;
std::cin >> i;
std::cout << "The decimal value " << i << " in binary is " << dec2bin(i) << std::endl;
}

Factorials Using a Stack

The question regarding factorials is easier to answer because the factorial algorithm is a naturally recursive algorithm, and whenever we recurse through a function we automatically use the call stack. The call stack is a bit more complex than an ordinary stack but it is a stack nonetheless.

The factorial of any positive value n (denoted n!) is the product of all integers in the closed range [1:n]. Thus factorial 6 (denoted 6!) is 1*2*3*4*5*6=720. We can easily implement this function using a recursive function as follows:

unsigned fact (unsigned n) {
if (n<2) return 1;
return n * fact (n-1);
}

Note that all recursive functions must have an end condition. Given that 0! and 1! are both 1, any positive value less than 2 represents the required end condition, where we simply return the value 1. Otherwise we return the product of the value and the factorial of the value minus 1.

The only problem with this is that the return value would normally be either 32-bit or 64-bit. A 32-bit unsigned integer is only capable of storing values in the closed range [0:4,294,967,295] so 12! is the largest factorial it can handle because 13! is 6,227,020,800. With 64-bit unsigned integers the range increases to [0:18,446,744,073,709,551,615] but 20! is the largest factorial you can handle because 21! is 51,090,942,171,709,440,000.

Using floating point types such as long long double will give more headroom to play with but, as you can hopefully appreciate, even very small numbers have extremely high factorials, so the risk of overflow cannot be avoided. Even the Microsoft Windows Scientific calculator can only handle factorials up to 3248!

There are two possible solutions to this. The first is to examine the function argument and throw an exception if it exceeds the abilities of the function:

unsigned fact (unsigned n) {
if (n<2) return 1;
if (12
return n * fact (n-1);
}

The problem with this is that you must handle the exception every time you call the function:

int main() {
try {
fact (13);
}
catch (std::range_error& e) {
std::cerr << "out of range" << std::endl;
}
}

The alternative is to create a user-defined type that is capable of exceeding the bounds imposed by the architecture, typically by using a string representation of the value. That's beyond the scope of this answer, however you can find open-source libraries for most languages that can provide this functionality if you require it. It's not a common requirement hence most languages do not include it as standard, but it makes no sense to implement your own "big integer" library when there are so many free libraries available.

What are the steps in developing an assembly language program?

Assembly language uses mnemonic code, abbreviations for machine instructions using a human readable and memorable form. This make it much more readable to humans. For example, one instruction may be called Add, another one may be called Move.

These elements are called Machine Code Instruction(s).

Machine instructions and their corresponding mnemonic codes are defined for each processor, and are generally unique for each processor family.

In addition to mnemonic codes for machine instructions, assembly languages also support directives and pseudo instructions.

Directives are used to instruct the assembler how to assemble code. For example, a directive might say "the following code will reside in immutable memory (ROM)," another directive might say "the following code will start at a fixed memory location of address 12345." Examples for directives include common directives such as SEG and ORG. However, the syntax and set of directives are defined by the assembler program and are not standardized.

Pseudo-instructions are used to control conditional assembly (e.g. IF, ELSE, ENDIF), definition and use of macros, and other tools that allow efficient programming in assembly.

What temperature does a liquid need to be at in order to evaporate?

Evaporation occurs at all temperatures, there is no set temperature for evaporation. The temperature would only affect the rate at which the liquid is evaporated - all other things being equal, warmer temperatures encourage faster evaporation. Evaporation will proceed much faster still if the surrounding air is very dry, and in constant motion.

How many pieces of paper is made per day?

The number of pieces of paper made per day comes to 104,674,217

How is a oscilloscope used?

The cathode ray oscilloscope is basically a measuring instrument. Time period of any sinusoidal signal can be measured along X-axis.Other applications of CRO is the calculation of peak to peak voltage,current of any signal and the phase difference between the two signals can also me determined.

The uses of the oscilloscope are as follows:

  1. To display the wave forms of ac and dc signals.
  2. It helps to specify the amplitude of the signal on the y-axis and the period on the x-axis.

Why are tail rotors perpendicular to the main rotor?

Because without a tail rotor the body of the helicopter would spin the opposite way of the main rotor so the tail rotor is perpendicular to prevent that : Way it works is the tail rotor spins at the same speed as the main rotor to over power the body's need to spin by giving just the right amount of need to go the other way : Hope I Helped , jd703

What English three letter words begin and end with the same letter?

3-letter words beginning and ending with the same letter: * bib * bob, Bob * dad * did * dud * eye * ewe * ere * eve * gag * gig * huh * mam * mom * mum * Nan * non * nun * pap * pep * pip * pop * pup * sis * tot * tat * tit * wow

What is the fastest growing engineering discipline?

There have been lots of recent developments in astronomy and cosmology. But then, particle physicists are on the verge of discovering the Higgs boson, when the Large Hadron Collider comes back on line. But then, there have been significant advances in medicine. Embryonic stem cell trials will begin later this year in the United States, and within a few years some forms of paralysis may be cured. But then, computer scientists continue to make the same rapid advances in clock speeds and component miniaturization that has driven advances in microelectronics for the past 50 years.

What is really interesting is that scientists estimate human knowledge doubled, on average, every decade of the 20th century, but that the pace has begun to pick up, such that the amount of time it now takes for the sum total of human knowledge to double is only a few years.

What would cause a circuit breaker heating element to trip off?

There are two conditions that would cause a breaker to trip off. One is an overload of the circuit and the other is a short circuit on the circuit. The heating element within the breaker is what monitors for circuit overloads.

What is difference between size dimension and location dimension?

Size dimensions describe the size of each geometric feature.

With respect to linear dimensions, size dimensionsare sometimes referred to as overall dimensions, and will tell the viewer the overall width, height, and depth of an object.

Location dimensions show the location of each geometric feature within an object or view.

Location dimensions tell the viewer where edges occur inside an object view.

What does a land surveyor do?

A land surveyor measures and maps land. The purpose is to establish boundaries between parcels of land as well as provide legal documents.

Advantages of being a marine engineering?

I need to study maritime engineering so that i can perform the machine properly and to have an ability to operate the machine in safety way.

Why were boomerangs invented?

hunting kangaroos or other animals used by the aboriginals, they threw it and i think it chopped the animalshead off and came back to them

True or false vibrations can travel through air and water?

Yes. Vibrations can travel through anything except space where there is a vacuum.

What is coherent and non coherent detection reception?

1Answer

A coherent detector uses the knowledge of the phase of the carrier wave to demoduleate the signal.

it's simply a product device , which multiply the AM signal by a sinusoidal signal having the same carrier frequency , followed by a low pass filter ( LPF). The product will shift the AM signal to 0 Hz and double carrier frequency , and the LPF will eliminate the later component.

2ANSWER:

Coherent detection

inCoherent detection

requires carrier phase recovery at the receiver and hence, circuits to perform phase estimation.

Sources of carrier-phase mismatch at the receiver:

inPropagationtalking causes carrier-phase offset in the received signal.

inThe oscillators at the receiver which generate the carrier signal, are not usually phased locked to the transmitted carrier.

coherent detection: Huge need for a reference in phase with the received carrier

inLess complexity compared to incoherent detection at the price of higher error rate.

Coherent ( synchronous ) detection: in coherent detection , the local carrier generated at the receiver in phase locked with the carrier at transmitter .

Non coherent ( envelope ) detection : this type of detection does not need receiver carrier to be phase locked with transmitter carrier

How to design a steam turbine?

-Check turbo generator lube oil sump level and drain it for water. Replenish it if level is less than normal.

-Start the lube oil priming pump from the local station and check the lube oil pressure. Put the priming pump on auto.

-Check and fill up the Turbine Generator vacuum pump operating water tank to normal level.

-Check vacuum condenser condensate level from the condensate pump. Put the pump on auto so that the level is maintained all the time.

-Operate the steam drain valve to drain any condensed water from the steam line to avoid excessive hammering and vibration while starting turbo generator.

-Open the main steam inlet valve for turbo generator.

-Adjust the gland steam pressure to normal level.

-Check and open the sea water valves for vacuum pump cooler, T/G lube oil cooler and vacuum condenser are opened.

-Start the vacuum pump and bring up the vacuum in the condenser.

-Open condensate pump valves and switch on the pump.

-Check whether the condensate vacuum, gland steam pressure, steam inlet pressure, and lube oil pressure are normal.

-Start turbo generator from the local station and close the drain in the steam line.

-Check first and second stage steam pressure.

-Check condenser vacuum and water level.

-Check lube oil pressure and vibration levels.

-Check turbo generator speed, voltage, frequency, vacuum, condenser level and other parameters.

-Give control to remote station from the local control and take the TG on load.

Top 20 engineering colleges in ap?

Are you searching for the best Engineering College in Hyderabad, then you are in the right place, click on the article below to know about the Top five engineering colleges in Hyderabad, in this article you will find colleges that give you the best education, best faculty, good environment and most importantly great campus placements.

1.INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY – [IIT], HYDERABAD

2.INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY – [IIIT], HYDERABAD

3.JNTUH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING HYDERABAD (AUTONOMOUS) HYDERABAD

4.UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, OSMANIA UNIVERSITY – [UCE], HYDERABAD

5.CHAITANYA BHARATHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY – [CBIT], HYDERABAD

How much is 3400 megawatts in volts?

A watt is a measurement of Power (and a megawatt is a million watts) A volt a measurement of Electric Potential Difference The are related thus: W=VxA, or V=W/A So if you know the amperage, you can figure out the voltage: V = 3,400,000,000watts/?amps Your question is like asking how many feet are in an acceleration