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Literacy
Literacy is the ability to read, write, speak, and listen in meaningful and socially-acceptable ways. One who is able to do that is literate and those who can't are illiterate. Similarly, one can be computer literate or illiterate, depending upon the ability to use a computer. Questions about literacy are asked in this category.
1,743 Questions
Does reading fast help you comprehend more?
No, infact I think the opposite is true! If you read slowly, your mind takes in more and understands what it is seeing and reading.
The word 'Skellig' means 'Splinter of a stone' but Skellig is an angel.
it is 405
How can using inferences be helpful in your everyday life?
You can infer what someone likes or dislikes.
Why are people afraid of big words?
People are mostly afraid of big words because they don't know the meaning... there could be other reasons.....
What does reading say about you?
hii its a gud question....hmmm reading has a lot to say about ur self especially depending on the book u read it reflects ur thinking attitude and look out.....so ill advice u to start reading really gud books like...
What is the verb form of empathy?
To empathize. For example, The teacher empathized with the students who had no lunch.
How does ion change the meaning of the word hesitation?
By changing hesitate to hesitation, we change from a verb to a noun.
Courteous expression in attending a club meeting?
* The meeting will please come to order.
* Mr. / Ms. Chairperson, may i have the floor?
* I respectfully nominate _______________ for President.
* Mr. / Ms. Chairperson, I move that the nomination for the president.
*** *** T T *** ***
_
***** I don't know if this is right *****
What does Fuhrer mean in English?
The term "mein fuhree" when translated to English means "my leader." The term is often associated with the book detailing Adolf Hitler.
How could being illiterate be dangerous?
it can be dangerous because you wouldn't be able to read or write meaning people can take advantage of you just because you cant understand what they are talking about
# Primary # secondary # secondary # secondary # primary
How many mintues and seconds in 152?
It depends on whether the question refers to 152 days, years, hours, seconds etc.
Five Levels of Language Analysis
Language : the set of all acceptable, well formed sentences in the language.
Three Levels of analysis involve Grammar : The complete set of rules that will generate or produce all of the acceptable sentences, and will not produce unacceptable sentences.
Three Levels of Grammar :
Phonology : Rules of how a language sounds, and how and when certain sounds can be combined.
Syntax : rules concerning word order
Semantics : combining separate word meanings into a sensible, meaningful whole.
Those three levels are the primary focus of linguists.
Psycholinguists are also interested in two higher levels of analysis :
Conceptual Knowledge :
Beliefs :
The following sentence show the importance of adding these two levels of analysis.
�John and Mary saw the mountains while flying to California�
Questions like "Who saw the mountains ?"
"What did John and Mary see ? "
Can be easily answered with the first three levels of analysis.
However, to answer the question "Who(what) was flying ?" Draws on conceptual knowledge and beliefs about the probability that mountains.
Assessing Language Fluency
One key difference first raised by Chomsky is the distinction between :
Language Competence : the basic knowledge of language and its rules that fluent speakers have.
Language Performance : the actual language behavior a speaker generates.
Language performance typically underestimates true language competence,
We can usually understand more language than we will produce.
Language performance frequently suffers from dysfluencies , irregularities and errors in language production.
Three Levels of Grammar in More Depth
Phonology : the sounds of language.
Lets examine Individual speech sounds first, and then look at how we combine these sounds.
Phone : The smallest unit of sound
Phoneme : a language category, within which different phones are classified as the same
About 200 phonemes exist world wide, English uses only 46 different phonemes; Native Hawaiian speakers only use 15.
The P in "Spot, Pot, Spoon, Pat" are phonetically different (the acoustic pattern is not identical), but all represent the same phoneme.
Phonetics: examines how language sounds are produced.
We can define consonant phoneme production with respect to three factors.
1. Place of Articulation : Where is the airflow in the vocal tract obstructed when producing a particular phoneme ?
From the front of the mouth to the throat
Bilabial (P,B) : Labiodental (F,V) : Dental (TH,TH) : Alveolar (T,D) : Velar (K,G): Glottal (H) :
2. Manner of Articulation : Is the air flow fully stopped, as in P,B,T,D,K,G (STOPS)
Fricatives :or only partially stopped, as in F,V,S,Z,H
Nasals : M, N, NG,
Liquids : R
Glides : W, Y
Third characteristic of Phoneme production
3. Voicing : Do the vocal chords vibrate immediately after the air is stopped (or partially obstructed), or is there a short delay.
Voiced : vocal chord starts vibrating immediately,
Voiceless : There is a short delay after the release of air before the vocal chords vibrate.
Voiced Stops : B, D, G
Voiceless Stops : P, T, K
Vowels, on the other hand, are produced by varying tongue position as air flows through the vocal tract.
The tongue may be held in a low, middle or high position; and may arch in different positions : Front of mouth, center of mouth, or the back of the mouth.
Spectrographs and language production :
Spectrographs are the visual representation of acoustical information.
Spectrographs display concentrations of physical energy in the spoken signal.
These concentrations, which show up as dark bands, are called formats.
Multiple formats make up each intelligible speech sound.
Categorical Perception : we perceive physically different sounds as the same phoneme , Cool and Keep
If however, the two phones are similar in sound but cross a phonemic barrier, then we will perceive the two sounds as different phonemes.
Lieberman et. Al. (57) used a computer synthesized speech signal to explore phonemic boundaries.
Combining Phonemes into words
Very young, we learn the phonemic rules for combining sound. This learning is automatic, and occurs without intention.
Yet, as adults we know that "abt" is not a word when we hear it, although we have no problem with "apt".
We have extensive knowledge of Phonemic Competence, even though we may be unable to list the rules we use in daily speech.
Parallel Transmission : separate phonemes are transmitted at the same time. This is also referred to as coarticulation : different phonemes within a syllable or word are articulated simultaneously.
Top Down processing, which involves the understanding of the context in which language is spoken, is vital in understanding words.
Pollack & Pickett (1964)
Recorded several conversations. Subjects in their experiment had to identify the words in the conversation.
When Pollack & Pickett spliced individual words out of the conversation and then presented them auditorily, subjects identified the correct word only 47% of the time.
The longer the segment of speech from the conversation played, the more intelligible the individual words became.
Speech analysis is both Bottom Up and Top Down. The conceptual knowledge helps to aid the identification of basic phonetic utterances.
