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Anthropology

The scientific study of the origin, the behavior, and the physical, social, and cultural development of humans.

1,631 Questions

When were Chinese Americans allowed to become American citizens?

Chinese immigration to the U.S. consisted of three major waves, with the first beginning in the 19th century. Chinese immigrants in the 19th century worked as laborers, particularly on the transcontinental railroad, such as the Central Pacific Railroad, and the mining industry, and suffered racial discrimination.
So hostile was the opposition that in 1882 the United States Congress eventually passed the Chinese Exclusion Act, which prohibited immigration from China for the next ten years. This law was then extended by the Geary Act in 1892.

In 1924 the law barred further entries of Chinese; those already in the United States had been ineligible for citizenship since the previous year. Also by 1924, all Asian immigrants (except people from the Philippines, which had been annexed by the United States in 1898) were utterly excluded by law, denied citizenship and naturalization, and prevented from marrying Caucasians or owning land.

In 1943, Chinese immigration to the U.S. was once again permitted - by way of the Magnuson Act - thereby repealing 61 years of official racial discrimination against the Chinese. Large scale Chinese immigration did not occur until 1965 when the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 lifted national origin quotas.

What is study of anthropology?

Anthropology is the study of human societies and cultures, past and present. It examines topics such as human evolution, social behaviors, language, beliefs, and practices in order to understand the diversity and commonalities of the human experience. Anthropologists use methods such as participant observation, interviews, and archival research to gain insights into different societies and their customs.

What are the rites of passage for Zulu boys and girls?

Their is mainly a rites of passage for females : younf ghirls have a special cermony when theyhit puberty. They are then able to send letters to men that appeal to them. These ae not regular letters , these letters are made of colorful beads each bead representing a difrent color. If the man feels the same way they can then agree that they both love eachother. After this they can be seen in public together. Later the maan asks t he parents for their daughters hand in marriage.

Which field of anthropology studies the material creations of a society including artwork housing tools and architecture?

Archaeology studies the material creations of a society, such as artwork, housing, tools, and architecture, through the excavation and analysis of archaeological sites. This field aims to understand past societies and cultures through their material remains.

Which field of anthropology studies the roles that individuals assume in society?

The field of anthropology that studies the roles that individuals assume in society is known as social anthropology. Social anthropologists examine how individuals interact within social structures, institutions, and cultural practices to understand the dynamics of human societies. They also explore power dynamics, inequalities, and social hierarchies that influence individual roles and behaviors.

What is the process of teaching a child how to act in school?

Teaching a child how to act in school involves setting clear expectations, modeling positive behavior, providing consistent reinforcement, and addressing any misbehavior promptly and constructively. It is important to communicate with the child, involve them in creating rules, and offer support to help them understand and follow behavioral guidelines. Consistency, patience, and positive reinforcement are key components of teaching appropriate school behavior.

What is the fifth field of anthropology?

The fifth field of anthropology is often considered to be applied anthropology. This field focuses on using anthropological knowledge and methods to address real-world issues and challenges in various sectors such as public health, development, education, and human rights. Applied anthropologists work closely with communities and organizations to facilitate positive social change and promote cultural understanding.

What kind of weapons did the Neolithic people have?

The mound builders most likely had the bow and arrow, a mace (a club), and the atlatl. A atlatl was a speared that was accompanied with a tool (atlatl) to leverage the spear for more power and ultimately distance.

What is the difference between Cultural Studies and the Sociology of Culture?

Cultural studies emerged out of a juncture of sociology, literature, language studies, in the 80s at Birmingham University in the UK. The idea behind cultural studies, is that it sought to address a gap that emerged within these other disciplines, and that is how culture is used, created, acted up, and how it influences power dynamics between people, identity formation, social resistance etc. Whereas sociology was interested in how economic situations might influence the working conditions of a particular class, cultural studies, might address how the idea of class was formed for the purpose of social segregation, and how popular culture might be used to resist or transgress class relations. In other words, cultural studies began to ask deeper questions about assumptions of power, langugae and social structures, and how these were created and maintained through langugae, media, and communication.

Which field of anthropology studies the artifacts of broken dishes and iron pots that were created by an earlier civilization?

The field of anthropology that studies artifacts such as broken dishes and iron pots created by earlier civilizations is known as Archaeology. Archaeologists study material remains left behind by past societies to learn about their culture, social structures, and way of life.

Give and discuss the microscopic and macroscopic meaning of Sociology?

Microscopically, sociology studies the interactions and relationships between individuals and groups within a society, focusing on social norms, institutions, and structures. Macroscopically, sociology examines these interactions on a larger scale, looking at how societal structures, culture, and social institutions impact behavior, beliefs, and relationships within a society as a whole. Sociology seeks to understand and explain social phenomena and patterns by analyzing both the individual and collective aspects of human behavior.

Explain how archaeologists and anthropologists help modern-day civilization learn about the distant past?

By discovering passed civilizations we find out about ourselves. We have to understand where we came from in order to have an idea of where we are going. By making archaeological discoveries we find man has evolved and civilizations have come and gone but the one thing that inspires mankind is change, and by looking at how far we have evolved as Man, inspires us to look forward and wonder how we will inspire future civilizations as passed archaeological finds continue to inspire and benefit mankind today.

Which branch of anthropology might study the language of a specific ethnic group in a culture?

Linguistic anthropology is a subfield of anthropology that may investigate the language of a specific ethnic group within a culture. The study of language and its function in human societies is the primary focus of linguistic anthropology. It investigates how culture, social interactions, and the formation of individual and group identities are influenced and shaped by language. Phonetic anthropologists examine different parts of language, including its design, variety, and use inside unambiguous social settings. By looking at the language of a specific ethnic gathering, etymological anthropologists can acquire experiences into their correspondence designs, social practices, and social elements.

What was life like during the Neolithic Era?

These people were hunter-gatherers. The stongest of them usually was a leader and the smartest was usually a priest or Shaman. The common good of the tribe was put in priority so naturally the strongest, given they were the protection, gained the most reward. Women were sub-servient to the men but the strongest of these became a head-woman of sorts to the tribes.

How did the Bog people of Denmark prepare their dead?

The Bog people of Denmark were likely placed in the bog as part of a ritual sacrifice. They were often buried naked or with few possessions, and their bodies were naturally preserved by the acidic and oxygen-poor environment of the bog. These burials may have been religious or ceremonial in nature, with the individuals perhaps being seen as offering to the gods.

Children have the most tasks in which mode of production?

Children have the most tasks in a subsistence mode of production, where they are often involved in basic activities like gathering food, caring for animals, or helping with household chores.

What are characteristics of urban area?

Characteristics of an Urban Area:

· It is having central business district containing services, education facilities & businesses.

· It is having industrial buildings.

· It contains low, medium & high class residential buildings.

· It is having high volume of traffic.

· Major health centers are available in an urban area.

· Land values are high.

· Bank, Post office, Hotels etc, services are more.

· High density of population.

· There are slums & shanty town areas.

What do hillbillies eat?

Hillbillies may eat a variety of foods common to rural or southern US regions such as fried chicken, cornbread, collard greens, biscuits, and gravy. They may also enjoy homemade dishes like fried catfish, pinto beans, and corn on the cob. Additionally, some hillbillies may hunt or forage for their food, incorporating game meat, wild berries, and plants into their diets.

What is genealogical method in anthropology?

Genealogical method in anthropology involves tracing kinship ties and relationships among individuals or groups. It aims to understand social structures, power dynamics, and cultural practices within a community based on genealogical connections. By studying kinship systems, anthropologists can gain insights into how societies are organized and how social identities are constructed.

Was it a female or male hominid who first discovered fire?

It is not definitively known which gender of hominid first discovered fire, as it likely occurred tens of thousands of years ago. The ability to control fire is believed to have been a crucial development for human evolution.

Why nomads do not build permanent homes?

Nomads do not build permanent homes because they need to move frequently to find food and water sources for themselves and their livestock. Building a permanent home would tie them to a specific location and limit their ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Additionally, nomadic lifestyles are often tied to cultural traditions and a deep connection to the land, making the act of constantly moving an integral part of their way of life.

Why majority of the time quadroons look like white people?

Quadroons refer to individuals who have one black grandparent and three white grandparents. Due to genetic variations and the dominance of certain traits, quadroons may often physically resemble white individuals. This can be attributed to the way genes for skin color and other physical features are inherited and expressed.

What have Many contemporary cultural anthropologist abandoned?

Many contemporary cultural anthropologists have abandoned the idea of cultural relativism as an absolute principle, recognizing that it can sometimes lead to moral and ethical dilemmas. Additionally, some have moved away from the notion of a static, bounded "culture," instead understanding cultural formations as dynamic and fluid. Furthermore, there is a shift towards more engaged and collaborative forms of research that prioritize self-reflexivity and reciprocity with research participants.

Who are the proponents of sociology and anthropology?

Proponents of Sociology

Auguste Comte

Auguste Comte (1789-1857) is commonly credited with being the founder of sociology and as having coned the name "sociology" for the new science.

He emphasized that the study of sociology must be scientific, and he urged sociologists to use systematic observation, experimentation, and comparative historical analysis as their methods.

Comte divided the study of society into social statics and social dynamics. Social statics involves those aspects of social life that have to do with order and stability and that allow societies to hold together and endure. Social dynamics refers to those aspects of social life that have to do with social change and that pattern institutional development. Although the specifics of his work no longer direct contemporary sociology, Comte exerted enormous influence on the thinking of other sociologists, particularly Herbert Spencer, Harriet Marneau and Emile Durkheim.

Harriet Martineau

She was an English sociologist who paved the way for the new discipline through her observations of social behavior in the United States and England. Like Comte, she insisted that the study of society represents a separate scientific field. Among her contributions was the first book on the methodology of social research, How to Observe Manners and Morals, published in 1838. She also undertook the comparative study of the stratification systems of Europe and the United States. Throughout her career Martineau was an ardent defender of women's rights. In masterly fashion she showed the similarities between the position of women in the Western world and that of American slaves and called for freedom and justice in an age in which they were granted only to white males.

Herbert Spencer

An English sociologist shared Comte's concern with social statics and social dynamics. He viewed society as having important similarities with a biological organism and depicted it as a system, a whole made up of interrelated parts. Society is made up of institutions like the family, religion, education, the state, and the economy. Like biologists who portray an organism in terms of its structures and the functional contributions these three structures make to its survival. Spencer described society in similar terms. Intrigued by the Darwinian view of natural selection, Spencer applied the concept of the survival of the fittest to the social world, an approach termed Social Darwinism. He sought to demonstrate that government should not interfere with the natural processes going on in a society. Only in this manner would people who were "fit" survive and those who were "unfit" die out. If this principle were allowed to operate freely, human beings and their institutions, like plants and animals, would progressively adapt themselves to their environment and reach higher levels of historical development.

Spencer's social Darwinist outlook shows that the ideas we hold about the universe and ourselves are shaped by the social age in which we live. Spencer's social Darwinist ideas were used extensively within England and the United States.

Karl Marx

Although Karl Marx considered himself a political activist and not a sociologist, in truth he was both- a philosopher, historian, economist, and political scientist as well. He viewed science not only as a tool for transforming it. Marx was especially anxious to change the structure of capitalist institutions and establish new institutions in the service of humanity. Although born in Germany, Marx was compelled to spend much of his adult life as a political exile in London.

Marx has influenced sociological thinking both by his penetrating insights and by the fact that some sociologists have constructed their work specifically against his theory.

He focused his search on the economic environments in which societies develop, particularly the current state of their technology and their method of organizing production. At each stage of history, these factors dictate the group that will dictate society and the groups that will be subjugated.

He believed that society is divided into those who own the means of producing wealth, and those who do not, which gives rise to class conflict. All history, he said is composed of struggles between classes.

Class antagonisms revolve about the struggle between the oppressing capitalist class or

bourgeoisie and the oppressed working class or proletariat. The former derive their income through their ownership of the means of production, primarily factories, which allows them to exploit the labor of workers. The latter own nothing except their labor power and, because they dependent for a living on the jobs provided by capitalists must sell their labor power in order to exist.

Marx adapted the idea of dialectical materialism, the notion that development depends on the clash of contradictions and the creation of new, more advanced structures out of these clashes. In the Marxian view of history, every economic order grows to a state of maximum efficiency; at the same time, it develops internal contradictions or weakness that contributes to its decay. The roots of an opposing order already begin to take hold in an old order. In time, the new order displaces the old order, while simultaneously absorbing its most useful features. Marx depicted slavery as being displaced by feudalism, feudalism by capitalism, capitalism by socialism, and ultimately socialism by communism (the highest stage of society).

Marx portrayed political ideologies, religion, family organization, education, and government as making up the superstructure of society. The economic base of society- its mode of producing goods and its class structure- influences the forms that other institutions take. When one class controls the critical means whereby people derive their livelihood, its members gain the leverage necessary to fashion other aspects of institutional life- the superstructure- in ways that favor their class interests. Marx thought that when the working class became armed with a revolutionary ideology that fostered its class-consciousness, it would overturn the existing social order and establish one that would pursue humane goals.

Emile Durkheim

Emile Durkheim focused his sociological eye on the question of how societies hold together and endure. Central to Durkheim's sociology is the notion that social integration is necessary for the maintenance of the social order and for the happiness of individuals. In particular, he suggested that happiness depends on individuals' finding a sense of meaning outside themselves that occurs within the context of group involvement.

In The Division of Labor in Society, Durkheim examined social solidarity. He distinguished between the types of solidarity found in early societies the social structure was relatively simple, with little division of labor. They derived a sense of oneness because they were so much alike, what Durkheim termed mechanical solidarity. Complex social structures and a sophisticated division of labor, in contrast, characterize modern societies. People perform specialized tasks in factories, offices, and schools. Since each person performs a relatively narrow range of tasks, no one person can be self- sufficient, and all must depend upon others to survive. Under these circumstances, society is held together by the interdependence fostered by the differences among people. What Durkheim labeled organic solidarity. Durkheim ascribed ultimate social reality to the group, not to the individual. He contended that the distinctive subject matter of sociology should be the study of social facts. Social facts are aspects of social life that cannot be explained in terms of the biological or mental characteristics of the individual. The social fact serves to constrain their behavior. Durkheim insisted that the explanation of social life must be sought in society itself.

Durkheim convincingly demonstrated the critical part social facts play in human behavior in his book suicide.

Max Weber

Among sociologists, he is not only known for his theoretical contributions but for a number of specific ideas that in their own right have generated considerable interest and research.

Weber believed that sociologists can derive an understanding of their subject matter in a manner that is unavailable to chemists and physicists.

In investigating human behavior, sociologists are not limited to such objective criteria as weight and temperature; they can examine the meanings individual bring to their interactions with one another. Weber contended that a critical aspect of the sociological enterprise is the study of intentions, values, beliefs, and attitudes that underlie people's behavior. Weber employed the German word Verstehen - meaning "understanding" or "insight"- in describing this approach for learning about the subjective meanings people attach to their actions. In using this method sociologist mentally attempt to place themselves in the shoes of other people and identify what they think and how they feel.

Another notable contribution of Weber is his concept of the ideal type. An ideal type is a concept constructed by a sociologist to portray the principal characteristics of a phenomenon. Weber also stressed the importance of a value-free sociology.

He insisted that sociologists must not allow their personal biases to affect the conduct of their scientific research. Weber recognized that objectivity is not neutrality. Neutrality implies that a person does not take sides on an issue; objectivity has to do with the pursuit of scientifically verifiable knowledge.