C Programming

Look for the bit of paper in the box marked 'instructions'.

Composite datatypes are the datatypes which can be constructed with in a program by using prmitive datatypes and other composite types.the act of constructing a composite data type is called composition..............

Local variables:

These variables only exist inside the specific function that creates them. They are unknown to other functions and to the main program. As such, they are normally implemented using a stack. Local variables cease to exist once the function that created them is completed. They are recreated each time a function is executed or called.

Global variables:

These variables can be accessed (ie known) by any function comprising the program. They are implemented by associating memory locations with variable names. They do not get recreated if the function is recalled.

Maybe you mean the prefetch queue?

Global variables are accessible to any code making it much more difficult to determine when and where a global is being modified. They can also lead to data-races whenever two threads try to write to the same global at the same time, or one tries to read the global while another is modifying it. The more complex the global the greater the risk.

Globals are not necessarily bad provided they are thread-safe and genuinely represent a truly global concept. If not, use a local variable instead.

C derives from a programming language called B, that existed before it. Since C was something of a successor to it, to indicate the advancement from B., the language is called C, the next letter.

There are multiple answers to this question, but the most basic one common to both Java and C is the array.

An array is a simple structure that you initialize to a certain size and fill with data. Think of an array as a sort of list, where each element in the list is numbered starting from zero up to the list size minus one (or the array is zero-based, as it's also called).

In Java:

// 10 is the number of elements the array can hold

int[] myIntArray = new int[10];

myIntArray[0] = 2; // The first element in the array

myIntArray[9] = 4; // The last element in the array

Referencing myIntArray[10] or higher will cause a runtime error in Java, which may stop your program.

In C:

// 10 is the number of elements the array can hold

int myIntArray[10];

myIntArray[0] = 2; // The first element in the array

myIntArray[9] = 4; // The last element in the array

Referencing myIntArray[10] or higher results in a buffer overflow in C (and C++). Note that in C, this won't throw errors like they do in Java, and this can and very likely will cause your program to have random bugs and possibly even crash from a segmentation fault, so be a bit more careful about using arrays in C.

swap (int *pa, int *pb) {

*pa ^= *pb;

*pa ^= *pa;

*pa ^= *pb;

}

#include<iostream>

#include<iomanip>

#include<string>

#include<sstream>

#include<cassert>

using std::cout;

using std::cin;

using std::endl;

using std::setw;

using std::string;

using std::stringstream;

#ifndef NDEBUG

#define assert_year(year) do { assert (1900 <= (year)); } while(0)

#define assert_month(month) do { assert ((month) && ((month) <= 12)); } while(0)

#define assert_day(day) do { assert ((day) && ((day) <= 31)); } while(0)

#else

#define assert_year(year) ((void)0)

#define assert_month(month) ((void)0)

#define assert_day(day) ((void)0)

#endif NDEBUG

bool is_leap_year (size_t year)

{

assert_year (year);

if (year%4) return false; // If not a multiple of 4 then common year.

if (year%100) return true; // If a multiple of 4 but not of 100 then leap year.

if (year%400) return false; // If a multiple of 4 and 100 but not of 400 then common year.

return true; // If a multiple of 4, 100 and 400 then leap year.

}

size_t days_in_month (size_t month, size_t year)

{

assert_month (month);

switch (month)

{

case 2:

return is_leap_year (year) ? 28 : 29;

case 4: case 6: case 9: case 11:

return 30;

}

return 31;

}

size_t day_of_year (size_t day, size_t month, size_t year)

{

assert_day (day);

assert_day (month);

size_t days = day;

while (--month)

days += days_in_month (month, year);

return days;

}

size_t days_in_previous_years (size_t year)

{

assert_year (year);

size_t days = 0;

while (1900 < --year)

days += is_leap_year (year) ? 366 : 365;

return days;

};

size_t days_since_epoch (size_t day, size_t month, size_t year)

{

// Epoch is 1st January 1900

return days_in_previous_years (year) + day_of_year (day, month, year) - 1;

}

size_t day_of_week (size_t day, size_t month, size_t year)

{

return days_since_epoch (day, month, year) % 7;

}

void print_calendar (size_t month, size_t year)

{

assert_month (month);

cout << endl;

switch (month)

{

case 1: cout << "January"; break;

case 2: cout << "February"; break;

case 3: cout << "March"; break;

case 4: cout << "April"; break;

case 5: cout << "May"; break;

case 6: cout << "June"; break;

case 7: cout << "July"; break;

case 8: cout << "August"; break;

case 9: cout << "September"; break;

case 10: cout << "October"; break;

case 11: cout << "November"; break;

case 12: cout << "December"; break;

}

cout << ' ' << year << endl;

cout << "\n Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa\n";

size_t start_day = day_of_week (1U, month, year);

size_t days = days_in_month (month, year);

size_t count = start_day % 7U + 1U;

for (size_t i = 1; i <= count; i++)

cout << setw (4) << ' ';

for (size_t i = 1; i <= days; ++i)

{

cout << setw (4) << i;

++count;

if (count == 7)

{

cout << endl;

count = 0;

}

}

if (count)

cout << endl;

cout << endl;

}

size_t ask (string prompt)

{

for (;;)

{

cout << prompt;

string input;

cin >> input;

stringstream ss;

ss << input;

size_t reply;

if (ss >> reply)

return reply;

cout << "Invalid input.\n";

}

}

int main (void)

{

for (;;)

{

enter_month:

size_t month = ask ("Enter a month (1 - 12, 0 to exit): ");

if (!month)

break;

if (month > 12)

{

cout << "Invalid month." << endl;

goto enter_month;

}

enter_year:

size_t year = ask ("Enter a year (>= 1900, 0 to exit): ");

if (!year)

break;

if (year < 1900)

{

cout << "Invalid year." << endl;

goto enter_year;

}

print_calendar (month, year);

}

}

Дми́трий Ива́нович Менделе́ев

Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev

Referential transparency

You might be able to use C to extract data from an Excel file, but there is no easy way to write a program to create an Excel file.

A function that is used before an variable to increase or decrease its value

If you can't find them on your keyboard, use charmap.exe

() ASCII 28H and 29H

[] ASCII 5BH and 5DH

{} ASCII 7BH and 7DH

Write a program which takes the temperature in farhenheight.the program should display the farhenheight temperature as well as centigrade.

C= (f-32)*5/9

Using while loop, write a program which calculates the product of digits from 1 to 5 and also show these no's vertically.

1. /*
2. * C Program to Check String is Palindrome using Stack.
3. */
4. #include
5. #include
6. void push(char);
7. char pop();
8. char stack[100];
9. int top = -1;
10. void main()
11. {
12. char str[100];
13. int i, count = 0, len;
14. printf("Enter string to check it is palindrome or not : ");
15. scanf("%s", str);
16. len = strlen(str);
17. for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
18. {
19. push(str[i]);
20. }
21. for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
22. {
23. if (str[i] == pop())
24. count++;
25. }
26. if (count == len)
27. printf("%s is a Palindrome string\n", str);
28. else
29. printf("%s is not a palindrome string\n", str);
30. }
31. /* Function to push character into stack */
32. void push(char c)
33. {
34. stack[++top] = c;
35. }
36. /* Function to pop the top character from stack */
37. char pop()
38. {
39. return(stack[top--]);
40. }

#include<stdio.h>

#include<malloc.h>

int* getpoly(int);

void showpoly(int *,int);

int* addpoly(int *,int,int *,int);

int* mulpoly(int *,int,int *,int);

int main(void)

{

int *p1,*p2,*p3,d1,d2,d3;

/*get poly*/

printf("\nEnter the degree of the 1st polynomial:");

scanf("%d",&d1);

p1=getpoly(d1);

printf("\nEnter the degree of the 2nd polynomial:");

scanf("%d",&d2);

p2=getpoly(d2);

printf("Polynomials entered are\n\n");

showpoly(p1,d1);

printf("and\n\n");

showpoly(p2,d2);

/*compute the sum*/

d3=(d1>=d2?d1:d2);

p3=addpoly(p1,d1,p2,d2);

printf("Sum of the polynomials is:\n");

showpoly(p3,d3);

/*compute product*/

p3=mulpoly(p1,d1,p2,d2);

printf("Product of the polynomials is:\n");

showpoly(p3,d1+d2);

}

int* getpoly(int degree)

{

int i,*p;

p=malloc((1+degree)*sizeof(int));

for(i=0;i<=degree;i++)

{

printf("\nEnter coefficient of x^%d:",i);

scanf("%d",(p+i));

}

return(p);

}

void showpoly(int *p,int degree)

{

int i;

for(i=0;i<=degree;i++)

printf("%dx^%d + ",*(p+i),i);

printf("\b\b\b ");

printf("\n");

}

int* addpoly(int *p1,int d1,int *p2,int d2)

{

int i,degree,*p;

degree=(d1>=d2?d1:d2);

p=malloc((1+degree)*sizeof(int));

for (i=0;i<=degree;i++)

if((i>d1) && (i<=d2))

*(p+i)=*(p2+i);

else if((i>d2) && (i<=d1))

*(p+i)=*(p1+i);

else

*(p+i)=*(p1+i)+*(p2+i);

return(p);

}

int* mulpoly(int *p1,int d1,int*p2,int d2)/* this is the function of concern*/

{

int i,j,*p;

p=malloc((1+d1+d2)*sizeof(int));

for(i=0;i<=d1;i++)

for(j=0;j<=d2;j++)

p[i+j]+=p1[i]*p2[j];

return(p);

}

Top down approach to design a program.

For example you want to have a program to cook a cake. First you write down big blocks in just a few words (high level of abstraction).

--

Go to the shop

But ingredients

Get back home

Cook the cake

--

After you have everything ready at high level of abstraction, you work on details of each block/module

--

Go to the shop

Go out

Sit in you car

Drive to the shop

bla bla

...

But ingredients

Get back home

Cook the cake

--

kjhk

In C:

int pass_mark;

pass_mark = 45;

In C++:

int pass_mark {45};

No, any keyword could be used as a identifier (a method, class or variable name). These keywords have a special meaning in the language and the compiler can not identify if they are used as a variable name or as a keyword,

#include
#include
#include
void main()
{
int i,n,sum=0;
clrscr();
printf("n=");
scanf("%d",&n);
for (i=1;i<=n;i++)
sum=sum+pow(i,2);
printf("sum=%d",sum);
getch();
}