Civil Engineering

Generally impurities that cannot provide a consistant strength throughout the whole material. A 'pig' is the term for a section of iron as cast. These are often brittle, and need the several percent of carbon reduced before the material takes on the superior malleability of mild steel. For rails, a hard wearing surface is also helpful, so that a remelt with some manganese and other alloy ingredients are added to produce alloy steel which is rolled into rail cross sections, which acts as a form of toughening.

Stamford bridge is located next to fulham Broadway.

The road where stamford bridge is located is called Fulham road. This is the same road where craven cottage is located.

For any person travelling to the bridge from the south of England would be advised to drive to southfields tube station where you can escape the parking problem.

There is also a Stamford Bridge in Yorkshire and probably many other places.

Alloy of a metal increases its hardness. Gold becomes hard when copper is mixed in it. Alloy of a metal gives it a different colour. An alloy of copper and aluminium (known as aluminium bronze) has a beautiful golden yellow colour. It is used for interior decoration.

I am looking for a question that I can't find. The question was: Was building dam expensive to built? Please answer those question I need to know for my project otherwise I won't get a A grade. Thank you

According to Columbia Encyclopedia, Natural Bridge is a "small village, Rockbridge co., W Va., in the Shenandoah valley; founded 1774. Nearby is the famous Natural Bridge over the gorge of Cedar Creek. It is a limestone arch 215 ft (66 m) high with a span of 90 ft (27 m) and was once owned by Thomas Jefferson, who built a cabin there for visitors and kept a guest book. A public highway now crosses the bridge."

For more textual information on this natural bridge, as well as some photos, see the Related Links.

Construction technology has significantly impacted the field of civil engineering, revolutionizing the way projects are planned, designed, and executed. Here are some key areas where construction technology is commonly used in civil engineering:

1. Building Information Modeling (BIM): BIM is a digital representation of a building or infrastructure project that incorporates 3D modeling, data management, and collaboration tools. BIM allows engineers, architects, and contractors to create a virtual model of the project, facilitating better coordination, clash detection, cost estimation, and improved project visualization.

2. Construction Management Software: Construction management software is used to streamline project management processes, including scheduling, cost estimating, resource allocation, document management, and communication. These tools enhance collaboration, increase efficiency, and improve overall project control.

3. Drones and Aerial Imaging: Drones equipped with cameras or sensors are used to capture aerial images, survey large areas, and collect data. This technology provides accurate topographic mapping, progress monitoring, site analysis, and helps with site inspections, reducing human effort and time.

4. Laser Scanning and LiDAR: Laser scanning and Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) technologies are used for precise and efficient data collection. They create detailed 3D point clouds of existing structures or construction sites, enabling accurate measurements, as-built documentation, and clash detection.

5. Robotics and Automation: Robotic systems are used in various construction tasks, such as bricklaying, concrete pouring, material handling, and demolition. These technologies increase productivity, enhance safety, and reduce labor-intensive work.

6. Prefabrication and Modular Construction: Prefabrication involves manufacturing building components off-site and assembling them on-site. This approach reduces construction time, improves quality control, and minimizes waste. Modular construction uses pre-built modules that are assembled to form larger structures, offering speed, flexibility, and cost advantages.

7. Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR): AR and VR technologies are used to visualize construction projects, simulate scenarios, and provide immersive experiences. They aid in design review, training, safety planning, and client presentations, enhancing understanding and communication.

8. Advanced Materials and Techniques: Civil engineering benefits from the use of advanced materials, such as high-performance concretes, fiber-reinforced composites, and environmentally friendly materials. Additionally, innovative techniques like 3D printing of structural elements and self-healing materials are emerging areas of construction technology.

9. Environmental Monitoring and Sustainability: Sensors and monitoring systems are used to measure environmental factors, such as noise levels, air quality, and vibration during construction. Sustainable practices, such as green building certifications, energy-efficient design, and sustainable materials, are also integrated into civil engineering projects.

10. Internet of Things (IoT) and Connectivity: IoT devices and sensors are employed to collect real-time data on construction sites, equipment, and infrastructure. This data can be used for monitoring, predictive maintenance, safety enhancement, and optimizing construction processes.

These are just a few examples of how construction technology is used in civil engineering. As technology continues to advance, the industry is likely to witness further innovations, transforming the way projects are planned, constructed, and maintained.

Civil engineers develops our society, they design and build an infrastructure that ensures high rigidity

and enhances the life of people examples - schools, colleges, moals, brigdes, water supply, drainage system, sewage system and many more.

They provide transtportation system. Also provide reliable and safe structures which resists the effect of natural calamities like floods, earthquake etc.

That's why civil engineers are very important for development of society.

Hydrographic surveying provides accurate information about the depth and shape of water bodies, which is essential for safe navigation and maritime operations. It also helps in determining the location of underwater hazards, mapping of the seabed, and planning of infrastructure projects such as ports and coastal developments. Additionally, hydrographic surveying plays a crucial role in environmental monitoring and management of water resources.

To find local attractions in surveying, you can use geographic information systems (GIS) and mapping tools to locate points of interest, landmarks, and tourist sites in the area you are surveying. You can also conduct online research, consult local tourism websites, and talk to residents or business owners in the area to gather information on popular attractions.

The cost to build a home in Tamil Nadu can vary significantly based on factors such as location, size, materials used, and desired amenities. On average, the cost can range from ₹1,500 to ₹2,500 per square foot for a basic construction without high-end finishes or customization. It is advisable to get quotes from multiple contractors and consult with a local real estate agent for more specific estimates.

Surveys in civil engineering are important for gathering data on land features, existing structures, and utilities to assist in the planning and design of projects. They help engineers understand the geographical context, topography, and boundaries of a site, enabling more accurate and efficient decision-making during the design and construction phases. Survey data also helps to ensure compliance with regulations and standards, and can be crucial for evaluating potential risks and environmental impacts.

Engineering students also have to pass some courses about sociology. Its of much importance because engineering students have to deal with the society especially for those who work in the fields of civil engineering. They have to understand society needs and design their plans to solve problems of destitutes or society needs. Engineers having knowledge about sociology would have knowledge of the structure of organisations and interpersonal relationships that would help him/her develop a successful carrier.

Posted by : Syed Shahnawaz Rizvi.

Traversing is the process of measuring the length and direction (bearing) of the sides of a traverse.

A traverse is a series of successive straight lines that are connected. They can be closed or open. A closed traverse can be easily checked for accuracy because they either A. begin and end at the same point or B. Begin and end at known points, provided both the starting and finishing point use the same coordinate system. The boundary lines of a piece of property are a good example of a closed traverse. An open traverse can not be checked for accuracy and are normally used for exploratory purposes.

The datum you start a land survey in will depend on the purpose of the survey, where in the world you are, and what type of instrument you are using. If the purpose of the survey was for your own purposes and there was no need to have the survey in terms of any local, national or international datums then a surveyor would usually do the survey in a local datum. A local datum is where the surveyor sets up a local control network (where all the locations the instrument is set up) and they either do not connect to a local datum or they do not worry about the local bearings and coordinates. If the purpose of the survey requires to link into your local services (sewers, water, etc) then the levels and positions will need to be in terms of the local network (or networks). In some locations the level datum is in metres (or feet) above sea level, in other locations it may be 100 metres (or feet) above to avoid some elevations being below sea level (the old systems could not cope with negative numbers). Every country has a set of different local and national datums. Take New Zealand for example, the national datums are NZGD 2000, NZMG plus 29 local circuits (with 2 different versions. Australia has around 18 local circuits with some having 2 - 3 different versions. The UK has the UK National Grid and UK UTM zones. Ireland has the Irish National Grid. And the list can go on. The type of instrument you are using can also influence the datum you use. GPS for instance does all its calculations using WGS84 and then you can request it to display the results in the relevant local datum.

The Great Barrier Reef in Australia is the largest living structure on Earth. It is a vast coral reef system stretching over 1,400 miles and is visible from space. It is home to a diverse range of marine life and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Land Surveyors use markers as reference points for topographic mapping. Companies such as NRG Surveys will install a series of markers and using specialist measuring equipment will measure the precise 3 dimensional cartesian coordinates of each marker with reference to a network. The network may be a local system where it is assumed the earth is flat for small surveys but for larger surveys a 'projection' is required to accomodate the curvature of the earth. Heights are commonly referred to in relation to the geoid, the equipotential surface of the earth which would coincide exactly with the mean ocean surface, if the oceans were in equilibrium, at rest, and extended through the continents.

The Pune Airport handles an average of 8,000 passengers per day. This total is phenomenal considering that the airport is limited to six hours of commercial flight time per day.

1. IIT Chennai 2. NIT Trichy 3. College of Engg. Anna university, guindy, Chennai 4. PSG Tech Coimbatore 5. MEPCO SCHLENK ENGG COLLEGE - SIVAKASI 6. Karunya Coimbatore 7. GCT coimbatore 8. SRM Chennai 9. Amrita Coimbatore 10. SSN College Chennai

The largest prehistoric earthworks in the US are located in the state of Ohio. Known as the Hopewell Culture National Historical Park, these earthworks include large geometric enclosures and mounds built by the Native American Hopewell people between 100 BC and AD 500.

The main objects of surveying are to determine the relative positions of points on the Earth's surface and to measure distances, angles, and elevations accurately. The basic principles of surveying involve understanding and applying concepts like accuracy, precision, measurements of distances and angles, leveling, and use of surveying instruments to gather data for mapping and construction projects. It is essential to follow standardized procedures and techniques to ensure reliable and consistent results in surveying work.

1560 Kg/M3

not always the answer like this

i have made experiment , and it show to me that the denisty is 14635 kg⁄m3

for dry ,,,, and 14867.7 kg⁄m3 for wet

thanks,,,, eng.moh elnajjar

In most types of Surveying the ruling principles is to work from whole to part. This is fairly extensive Surveying such as those of large scale estate or town, the first thing to be done is to establish a system of control points. The position of these are established with a fairly high standard of accuracy but between them the work may be done by less and subsequently by less extensive methods.

In reinforced concrete construction, the modular ratio refers to the modulus of elasticity of concrete to that of steel. It is used in structural design calculations to determine distribution of stresses between concrete and steel in beams and columns.

Engineers play a crucial role in nation-building across various sectors, contributing to economic development, infrastructure improvement, technological innovation, and social progress. Here are some key roles that engineers fulfill in the process of nation-building:

1. Infrastructure Development:

• Engineers are responsible for designing, planning, and constructing critical infrastructure such as roads, bridges, railways, airports, ports, water supply systems, and energy networks.

• By building and maintaining infrastructure, engineers facilitate economic growth, enhance connectivity, and improve the quality of life for citizens.

2. Urban Planning and Development:

• Urban planners and civil engineers collaborate to design sustainable and resilient cities that can accommodate population growth, manage resources efficiently, and mitigate environmental impacts.

• Engineers play a crucial role in developing smart cities, integrating technology and data-driven solutions to enhance urban mobility, energy efficiency, and environmental sustainability.

3. Water Resource Management:

• Engineers design and implement water supply systems, wastewater treatment plants, irrigation networks, and flood control measures to ensure sustainable management of water resources.

• By improving access to clean water and sanitation, engineers contribute to public health, environmental conservation, and socioeconomic development.

4. Energy Production and Distribution:

• Engineers work in the energy sector to develop and maintain power generation facilities, transmission lines, and distribution networks.

• Through innovation in renewable energy technologies, such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power, engineers help reduce reliance on fossil fuels, mitigate climate change, and promote energy security.

5. Environmental Conservation and Sustainability:

• Environmental engineers and scientists collaborate to address environmental challenges such as pollution, deforestation, habitat destruction, and climate change.

• Engineers develop technologies and strategies for environmental remediation, waste management, recycling, and sustainable land use practices to protect natural resources and ecosystems.

6. Transportation and Mobility:

• Engineers design and optimize transportation systems, including roads, railways, airports, and public transit networks, to improve mobility and accessibility.

• Through innovations such as electric vehicles, autonomous vehicles, and high-speed rail, engineers contribute to safer, more efficient, and environmentally friendly transportation solutions.

7. Technological Innovation and Research:

• Engineers drive technological innovation and research across various fields, including aerospace, telecommunications, information technology, biotechnology, and materials science.

• By pushing the boundaries of knowledge and developing new technologies, engineers stimulate economic growth, create jobs, and enhance national competitiveness on the global stage.

8. Disaster Preparedness and Response:

• Engineers play a critical role in disaster risk reduction, preparedness, and response efforts, helping communities build resilience to natural and man-made disasters.

• Through hazard mapping, structural design, early warning systems, and emergency infrastructure, engineers save lives, minimize property damage, and support recovery efforts in times of crisis.

In summary, engineers are instrumental in nation-building by designing, building, and maintaining essential infrastructure, advancing technology and innovation, promoting sustainability and resilience, and addressing societal challenges. Their expertise and contributions are essential for driving economic growth, improving quality of life, and building a better future for generations to come.