Computer Networking

Demultiplexing is to separate 2 or more channels that have been multiplexed. Signals are typically multiplexed or combined onto one higher speed channel to efficiently use the bandwidth.

The subnet id identifies which smaller network within a larger network (the subnetted network) the packet should be delivered to. The subnet id is part of the extended network prefix which is used for routing.

in the star topology central system switch or hub act as a central devices and if it fails whole the system will fail, in star topology if one station only transmit at a time other wise the collision will occur and it will broadcast the data like a bus.so it contains the properties like bus that's why said that it is logically a bus

Your laptop, and probably your PC will probably not have 2 Ethernet ports to connect two Ethernet cables. It is possible to use both WiFi and your Ethernet port. It is also possible to add an additional Ethernet card to a PC or add a USB or PC-card based Ethernet interface.

If you did have a machine with two Ethernet ports or wanted to use both an Ethernet port and a WiFi connection, there is a routing problem. The system needs to know when to send (route) something to the internet and when to send it to the other computer (PC or notebook). You would need to manually assign the default route (for the internet connection) and with a different network id, assign network IP addresses to the connections between the notebook and the PC. How this is done depends on the systems you are using. It is different for Microsoft Windows and Linux implementations and may even vary depending on the version of Windows.

A more practical method is to connect both machines to your internet connection, your router. They will be on the same network. They will both be able to access the internet. They will both also be able to communicate with each other through the router.

Learn how to, or find someone to, configure file sharing on both machines and establish which file and/or directories should be visible to the other machine or machines on your network.

If you are using a Unix or Linux version you can still share files by configuring a program called Samba. You will need do learn how to do it or find someone who already knows how.

Traceroute

no it can't have 20 points

Peripheral

Seminar topics related with cryptography and network security include: authentication which ensures clear communication before submitting secure information. Non repudiation is another great topic which ensures information is secure utilizing signatures. Integrity control is important when dealing with banks and online networks.

The correct spelling would be "inconsistent" meaning not in agreement, incompatible, contradictory... If you are called "inconsistent" then your behavior is unpredictable.

A router that supports two or more communications protocols, such as IP and IPX. It is used to switch network traffic between different LANs located throughout the enterprise as well as to switch LAN traffic to WANs.

There are 21 brown to 6 green, which reduced gives us a ratio of 7:2. (21 divided by three and 6 divided by three)

The ratio 7:2 describes brown to green. The ratio 2:7 would describe green to brown.

That means the message is sent, not to a single host, but to all hosts on a network. (A host may be a computer, or other communicating device.)

No you can not, unless you backup your BB to a computer. But you can use your smart phone to remote access your computer by using "teamviewer".

It isn't an address at all. It looks like a subnet mask, and by itself has no class meaning.

It's called "network printer". Such printers usually have either wireless or LAN interface.

Same as subnetting any other class, or a classless network. From the bits originally reserved for the host (16 bits, in the case of a class B address), you "borrow" some bits, that is, you use them to specify the subnet. The remaining bits specify an individual host within a subnet.

DDCMP does not need special hardware to find the beginning of a message

You need a special adapter that usually run $17.

A predefined set of permissions and rights assigned to user accounts is often called the terms of service or service terms. Although they are virtually everywhere they are largely ignored.

Although it doesnot actually perform any functions or do any of the actual work, the OSI model defines the way things should be done by the software and hardware on a network so that communications can take place between two computers or nodes

Site-to-site VPNs connect entire networks to each other -- for example, connecting a branch office network to a company headquarters network. In a site-to-site VPN, hosts do not have VPN client software; they send and receive normal TCP/IP traffic through a VPN gateway. The VPN gateway is responsible for encapsulating and encrypting outbound traffic, sending it through a VPN tunnel over the Internet, to a peer VPN gateway at the target site. Upon receipt, the peer VPN gateway strips the headers, decrypts the content, and relays the packet towards the target host inside its private network.

Remote access VPNs connect individual hosts to private networks -- for example, travelers and teleworkers who need to access their company's network securely over the Internet. In a remote access VPN, every host must have VPN client software (more on this in a minute). Whenever the host tries to send any traffic, the VPN client software encapsulates and encrypts that traffic before sending it over the Internet to the VPN gateway at the edge of the target network. Upon receipt, that VPN gateway behaves as described above for site-to-site VPNs. If the target host inside the private network returns a response, the VPN gateway performs the reverse process to send an encrypted response back to the VPN client over the Internet.

The most common secure tunneling protocol used in site-to-site VPNs is the IPsec Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP), an extension to the standard IP protocol used by the Internet and most corporate networks today. Most routers and firewalls now support IPsec and so can be used as a VPN gateway for the private network behind them. Another site-to-site VPN protocol is Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS), although MPLS does not provide encryption.

Remote access VPN protocols are more varied. The Point to Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) has been included in every Windows operating system since Windows 95. The Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) over IPsec is present in Windows 2000 and XP and is more secure than PPTP. Many VPN gateways use IPsec alone (without L2TP) to deliver remote access VPN services. All of these approaches require VPN client software on every host, and a VPN gateway that supports the same protocol and options/extensions for remote access.

Over the past few years, many vendors have released secure remote access products that use SSL and ordinary web browsers as an alternative to IPsec/L2TP/PPTP VPNs. These "SSL VPNs" are often referred to as "clientless," but it is more accurate to say that they use web browsers as VPN clients, usually in combination with dynamically-downloaded software (Java applet, ActiveX control, or temporary Win32 program that is removed when the session ends). Also, unlike PPTP, L2TP, and IPsec VPNs, which connect remote hosts to an entire private network, SSL VPNs tend to connect users to specific applications protected by the SSL VPN gateway.

People who wanted it to be made...

likely.

1. Based on the CSMA/CD process

2. Specifies the MAC portion of the data link layer (layer 2)