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Computer Programming
A category for questions about computer programming and programming languages.
10,506 Questions
What is Purpose of system program?
System programs provide a convenient environment for program development and execution.
How hard is it to become a software engineer?
it can't be measure that how much S/W eng is hard , but its not a hard job to do.
you just study any OOP in detail like C++,Java,Vb, Vb.net etc" then you will be able to design a simple S/W.
Location Scan means your package is moving with the UPS©/USPS©/FEDEX© system. Your package has been scanned to give an update for the customer. Also, your package is In Transit to the next stop until delivery.
What do the c and v in argc and argv stand for?
The letter "c" in argc stands for count. The letter "v" in argv stands for vector. You can visit this website for more info.......... http://www.dgp.toronto.edu/~ajr/209/notes/argv.html
What is difference between Deep copy and shallow copy?
A "shallow" copy is when the member values are physically copied from one
object to another, *including* the values of any pointer or reference
members. If there are pointer or reference memebrs, then, those poointers
or references refer to the *same* objects as the original object, which is
usually a bad thing. That's why you want to define a copy constructor and
assignment operator for objects that contain pointers or references.
It's called a "shallow" copy because only the values of the
pointers/references are copied, instead of making copies of those
referred-to objects and setting pointers to them. *That* is what would be
called a "deep" copy, because it's going "deeper" into the structure,
copying everything, not just the first "layer".
The Prototype is basically the example or tester of something made or the first actual model of that invention. Let's say you have built a new machine that will walk the moon. The Prototype will be the copy of the machine that will be tested for things like durability and anything else needed to be passed to access space and walk the moon. Another easier example of a Prototype would be a tent. If you made a new tent you would have to first make a tester (the Prototype) to see if the tent holds up to fierce winds, snow, rain, rocks, twigs and anything else you can think of that might harm the tent severly. If the Prototype holds up to all the tests, you may start making the offical model or the tent that will be used by the person who purchased it.
The MERGESORT algorithm performs atmost a single call to any pair of indices
of the array that is being sorted. In otherwords, the subproblems do not
overlap and therefore memoization will not improve the running time.
otherwise........take the look at following:
It does not have the Overlapping Subproblems property.
(Not re-visiting subproblems.)
Needs lot of space to store solutions of subproblems.
Overlapping sub-problems property is as follows:
We accidentally recalculate the same problem twice or more.
What GPA and sat scores are required by a college like the depaul school of music?
4.0 GPA is needed and an sat score of 1920.
Is it okay to delete old security updates from your add or remove programs?
The only way to delete an update without uninstalling that update is to remove the entry from the registry. If you don't know what you're doing then simply leave it be.
How do you show two folders on your desktop at the same time?
Open one of your folders, click on the tab at the top that says tools then in that window click on the bottom tab or folder options, in that window click on the view tab and check the box in the list that says: launch folder windows in a separate process.
No of occurrence of element in an array?
The below is an example to find the instance of a string in a string array. You can modify this to any kind of array and also pass the array and value to be checked as parameters.
public class ArrayTest {
/**
* @param args
*/
public static void main(String[] args) {
String[] strArr = new String[] {"One", "Two", "Three", "Four", "One"};
String txt = "One";
int size = strArr.length;
int counter = 0;
for(int i = 0; i < size; i++){
String temp = (String) strArr[i];
if(temp.trim().equals(txt)){
counter++;
}
}
System.out.println("The word '" + txt + "' occurs " + counter + " Times in the array");
}
}
The output of this program would be:
The world 'One' occurs 2 Times in the array
What is is the alphabet in binary?
CapitalsLowercase
Letter
Binary Code
A 01000001 B 01000010 C 01000011 D 01000100 E 01000101 F 01000110 G 01000111 H 01001000 I 01001001 J 01001010 K 01001011 L 01001100 M 01001101 N 01001110 O 01001111 P 01010000 Q 01010001 R 01010010 S 01010011 T 01010100 U 01010101 V 01010110 W 01010111 X 01011000 Y 01011001 Z 01011010Letter
Binary Code
a 01100001 b 01100010 c 01100011 d 01100100 e 01100101 f 01100110 g 01100111 h 01101000 i 01101001 j 01101010 k 01101011 l 01101100 m 01101101 n 01101110 o 01101111 p 01110000 q 01110001 r 01110010 s 01110011 t 01110100 u 01110101 v 01110110 w 01110111 x 01111000 y 01111001 z 01111010What do quotations do in internet searches?
They narrow down your search to the exact wording typed within the quotes.
What are the five steps of risk assessment?
1. Hazard Identification
2. Dose - Response Assessment
3. Exposure Assessment
4. Risk Characterization
5. Rank Risks
Why member function of a class are generally declared as public and data members as private?
Declaring member variables (data) private ensure only the class and friends of the class have access to an object's data.
Declaring member methods (functions) public is required to provide an interface to the private data.
Usually accessor and mutator methods (get/set methods) are declared public to allow user-interaction with the data. However the data itself must remain hidden by the accessors (returned by value) otherwise there's no point in hiding the data -- there is no control. Similarly, the mutators should allow the data to be modified through a controlled interface, thus ensuring the data remains in a valid state at all times. Again, allowing a public mutator to modify the data without validation defeats the purpose of hiding the data in the first place.
Protected access is another option. This is similar to private access, but also permits access to derived classes.
A well-designed class interface should only expose as much as it needs to, and no more. If an object cannot assure its own data integrity at all times, then it is no better than a structure, which is always public by default.
Note that the general rules on class interface design are intended to help not hinder you. Many new programmers find them too restrictive, often making members public when they should really be private. They have entirely missed the point of using a class rather than a structure. That is, a well-designed interface that fully encapsulates an object automatically enlists the help of the compiler to reduce the chances of you or a third party coder from attempting an illegal operation upon the data within the object. If the data integrity can be assured at all times, then the chance of error is greatly reduced. The more complex the data, the more important this becomes.
Will windows automatically select the best allocation unit size when formatting a floppy disk?
Yes. Windows will select the correct allocation unit size according to the disk's capacity. A 1.44 MB disk will use one sector per cluster while a 2.88 MB disk will use 2 sectors per cluster. Short of using a disk sector editor there's no way to change this, but even if you did you'd render the disk unreadable.
Under Windows, all floppy disks are formatted according to the FAT12 specification. Hard disks and flash drives are typically formatted to the FAT32 or NTFS specifications. To support any other specifications besides FAT or NTFS you will need a suitable driver installed, however it's not recommended for normal use since non-standard formats are unreadable on other systems unless the appropriate driver is present on those systems.
FAT is an abbreviation of File allocation Table. The number (12, 16 or 32) simly determines how many bits are used to address clusters. FAT12 is therefore a 12-bit file allocation system, and is used by Windows to format floppy disks. The sectors on a floppy disk are fixed at 512 bytes and the allocation unit size simply determines how many sectors there are per cluster. A cluster is the minimum unit of storage. As such there can only be one file per cluster but a file may occupy one or more clusters. Any unused bytes in the final cluster of a file are wasted bytes, so the smaller the cluster size the better.
A 1.44 MB disk uses an allocation unit size of 1 sector per cluster which is the minimum possible. Any file that is not an exact multiple of 512 bytes will therefore waste anything from 1 to 511 bytes (inclusive) in the final cluster. A 2.88 MB disk uses 2 sectors per cluster, so files must be an exact multiple of 1024 bytes to minimise wastage. Hard disks are typically much larger than floppy disks so they not only use much larger clusters they require more bits to address them.
A 12-bit addressing system can address 4096 clusters in total. However, 33 sectors are reserved so the actual number of sectors for storage can be no more than 4063. This means that you can have no more than 4063 individual files or folders on a floppy disk. However, the more sectors per cluster, the fewer files you can physically store. In reality, the limit is much lower than this. A 1.44 MB disk has an overall capacity of 1,457,664 bytes so at 512 bytes per sector, that equates to just 2847 sectors in total, 33 of which are reserved, leaving 2814 sectors for actual storage.
The boot sector (sector 0) stores the basic disk geometry:
- Bytes 0 to 10 are ignored.
- Bytes 11 and 12 store the bytes per sector (512)
- Byte 13 stores the number of sectors per cluster (1 for 1.44 MB floppy, 2 for 2.88 MB floppy)
- Byte 14 and 15 store the number of reserved sectors (32)
- Byte 16 stores the number of FATs (2)
- Bytes 17 and 18 store the maximum number of root directory entries
- Bytes 19 and 20 store the total sector count
- Byte 21 is ignored
- Bytes 22 and 23 store the number of sectors per FAT
- Bytes 24 and 25 store the sectors per track
- Bytes 26 and 27 store the number of heads
- Bytes 28 to 31 are ignored
- Bytes 32 to 35 store the total sector count for FAT32 (0 for FAT12)
- Bytes 36 and 37 are ignored.
- Byte 38 stores the boot signature
- Byte 39 to 42 store volume identifier
- Byte 43 to 53 store the volume label
- Byte 54 to 61 store the file system type as a character array (e.g., "FAT12", information use only)
- Bytes 62 and beyond are ignored
Sectors 1 to 9 hold the primary FAT while 10 to 18 hold the secondary FAT. The secondary FAT provides a backup of the FAT.
Sectors 19 to 32 store the root directory. Each sector can hold 16 entries of 32 bytes each. The number of entries consumed is determined by bytes 17 and 18 in the boot sector.
Sector 33 marks the start of the actual data. Logically, this is cluster 0.
The FAT is simply a directory of clusters. FAT entries 0 and 1 are reserved so FAT entry 2 represents logical cluster 0 (starting at physical sector 33).
The root directory (which always exists) stores the root file entries, each of which holds a file's name, its timestamps (created, modified and accessed times), file size, file attributes (read-only, system, archive, hidden or directory) and the logical start cluster. Directories always have the directory attribute while files do not. Other than that both files and folders are treated exactly the same.
The logical start cluster determines where the file (or directory) physically starts. However, as files are created, modified and destroyed, the files can become fragmented, so the cluster that immediately follows the start cluster needn't necessarily be the next cluster for that file. To keep track of which files are using which clusters and in which order, the FAT entry for the start cluster will point to the next cluster, and it will point to the next, and so on, thus creating a daisy chain of clusters. By de-fragging drives, you not only ensure files occupy contiguous clusters but also that the chain of FAT entries is also contiguous. This reduces head movement and thus improves performance.
FAT values in the range 0xFF0 to 0xFFF are reserved. In particular, 0xFF7 is used to mark bad clusters. These are detected when the disk is formatted (unless you use quick format) or when you run a disk diagnostic program such as SCANDISK or CHKDISK. You can attempt to recover bad clusters to make them usable again but once a cluster is marked bad it's reliability is questionable at best.
FAT entries in the range 0xFF8 through 0xFFF are used to mark the final cluster of a file. As mentioned previously, if the file doesn't fully occupy the final cluster the unused bytes are wasted since no two files can share the same cluster.
What do the function gcvt do in C?
The gcvt() function converts a floating-point number to a string. It converts given value to a null-terminated string.
example....
#include
Output:
string = 9.876
string = -123.46
string = 67800
Why do you need to study file systems?
In computing, a file system (often also written as filesystem) is a method for storing and organizing computer files and the data they contain to make it easy to find and access them. File systems may use a data storage device such as a hard disk or CD-ROM and involve maintaining the physical location of the files, they might provide access to data on a file server by acting as clients for a network protocol (e.g., NFS, SMB, or 9P clients), or they may be virtual and exist only as an access method for virtual data (e.g., procfs). It is distinguished from a directory service and registry.
More formally, a file system is a special-purpose database for the storage, organization, manipulation, and retrieval of data
Filesystems need to be investigated for security and stability if you want your data Tobe safe.
What port number should you use when writing the code of client and server on same system?
The port number which you use is arbitrary as long as you use the same port for the listener (daemon/server) as you use for the client. The IP address which you use is 127.0.0.1.
How do you convert .wpd files to .doc format?
you could try this free converter at http://www.zamzar.com
this link below says it will convert .wpd to doc:
http://blog.zamzar.com/2007/04/19/convert-wpd-wordperfect-files-to-doc-odt-pdf-and-txt/
another option to try:
When you try to open a wpd file in Microsoft office it should ask you if you want to convert it.
try this:
1. Open Microsoft Word
2. Click File
3. Click Open
4. In the Files of Type: dropdown box change to All Files (*.*)
5. Browse to the file
6. Click it and select OK
7. It will perform the conversion
