Computer Programming

#include<stdio.h>

void main()

{

int a,b,t;

printf("enter the values of two varaible");

scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);

t=a;

a=b;

b=t;

printf("the exchanged values are",b,a);

}

A singly-linked circular list is useful for implementing queue data structures with minimum overhead. Normally we implement a queue with two pointers: one to the tail for insertions and one to the head for extractions. With a circular list we only need to maintain a single pointer to the tail because the tail always points "forwards" to the head (instead of null as it normally would), thus achieving constant-time access to both the head and tail via a single pointer.

Circular linked lists are generally useful wherever "wraparound" is necessary. That is, from any given node in the list, we can traverse forwards with the guarantee that we will eventually arrive back at that same node. With doubly-linked circular lists we have the advantage of traversing in either direction (bi-directional traversal).

A 3D drawing is when you use shadows and a sense of depth to create space. making the drawing more convincing and ugly.just kidding more real i meant.

An inline function replaces the call to the function by the body of the function, thus reducing the overhead of saving the context in stack. This is good for functions which are small in size and called occasionally. A recursive function calls an instance of itself and thus can be a deeply nested. Different compilers handle this differently. Some will inline it up to a certain depth and then call a non-inlined instance for further recursion; others will not inline the function at all and generate a normal function call.

The number of dimensions is immaterial. All arrays are implemented as a one dimensional array. A multidimensional array is simply an array where every element is itself an array.

The only thing actually known about any array is that its name is a reference to the start address. Unlike an ordinary (non-array) variable, the elements in the array do not have names, we can only refer to them by their memory offsets from the start of the array. As such, in order to obtain the values stored at those offsets, we must dereference them. While the subscript operator gives us notational convenience, it's easy to forget that there's actually pointer arithmetic and dereferencing going on behind the scenes.

Two method of representing a binary tree is

Static allocation, and

Dynamic allocation

Repetition.

For example the following lines do the same thing:

while (expression) statement;

LABEL: if (expression) {statement; goto LABEL; }

Or these: for (exp1; exp2; exp3) statement;

exp1; LABEL: if (exp2) {statement; exp3; goto LABEL; }

Dijkstra's algorithm is used by the OSPF and the IS-IS routing protocols. The last three letters in OSPF (SPF) mean "shortest path first", which is an alternative name for Dijkstra's algorithm.

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It doesn't. Programmers might use any approach they like.

Optical media is written and read on disks with lasers, such as a CD-Roms, BluRays, and DVDs. Magnetic media is written and read with magnets (like your hard drive and a floppy disks (which are almost non-existant anymore)).

nothing its a piece of art that's nothing really. you remember when you were little when you scribble scrabbled, that was abstract!

Examples of software bugs.

1. Off by one. For instance, If you use an 8-bit register or area of memory, you can only have a range of 0 to 255. However, suppose your code is off by one in an operation. One possible outcome is that the program will crash with an overflow error.

2. Using the wrong Boolean or numeric operator. You might use "less than" when you mean "less than or equal." Or you may interchange AND and OR. So the logic does not work as expected due to using the wrong word or symbol. You might be trying to trap errors and instead, you cause errors.

3. Access after free. If you release a block of memory a program is using, you are not supposed to keep using it. Some other code could be using it. If you read after releasing the block, the data cannot be trusted, since something might have modified it. If you write after releasing the block, you could be corrupting what is used elsewhere.

4. Buffer overrun. That is when a memory operation writes more data to a memory location than declared, and puts data past just the location you are modifying. So it ends up corrupting other data or even the program itself, another program, or the operating system. That will certainly lock up the computer with a blue screen.

In traditional programming, code was run from start to finish and sometimes asked for input along the way. Event driven programming, on the other hand, does nothing until it gets an event, such as a mouse moving or a key being pressed.

Machine language is often (incorrectly) referred to as binary language. Binary is a numbering system comprised of zeros and ones. (Also thought of as true/false, or originally from the electronic ancestry, on and off.)

Machine language is the instructions that computers understand. These instructions are comprized of binary values which instruct the CPU to perform specific actions.

It allows the compiler to verify that the number and types of the functions parameters are correct when the function is actually called.

If the function were called with the wrong number or type of parameters, and no function prototype were supplied, the error would not be discovered until the program was actually run.

The best and worst case time complexity for heapsort is O(n log n).

It is a numerical system where each significant numeral represents a change of 2^16th power. Decimal, or, "base 10", is the normal system of decimals. For example, 124 is "10 ^ 2 + 2 * 10 ^ 1 + 4 * 10 ^ 0" (or "one hundred twenty four"). In hexadecimal, each position is 16 base units instead of 10. This makes reading binary code easier, as binary and hex easily convert to each other directly.

Yes.

The upper/lower case chars are regarded as being different in C.

For example, you can have two variables, one called 'x' and the other called 'X' and the compiler will recognize them as separate variables.

It means that the levels of carbon dioxide in the blood are increased usually causing a deficient level of oxygen. This condition can cause cells to die.

a device driver is software, making communication between your motherboard and your OS, probably Windows, possible.