Database Programming

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A Systems Requirements document tells you what the software's hardware requirements are in order to: 1. have enough disk space/memory to run properly 2. is the right version (compatability is a must) 3. lists any other requirements If you have a computer or server, you need to know its hardware properties so you can review the software requirements before purchasing or installing. Especially if you are buying software from a "bargain" rack at a store, or from ebay, for instance. Older versions of software sell cheap, but there is a reason. Unless you have a computer with an Operating System that is compatible with that software, you just wasted your money.

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PLease be more specific.

2^20 or 1048576 kilobytes are in a gigabyte

In computers, generally the base 2 numeral system is utilized. 2^10 ~= 1000, and so each power of ten changes the prefix name in the same manner as a factor of 1000 would in other fields of study. kilo -> giga is 1000*1000 which in computer science would be represented by 2^20.

If you are going to use the date column in the WHERE clause of you select, THEN Indexing on that date column will enhance the performance Hope this helps

To help here we need to see the file structure you have and the data flow

When you design a database, you first want to normalize it. Main purpose is to avoid data duplication, because duplicate data takes up unnecessary space and is harder to maintain.

Suppose you want to store information about your customers. You want to store their address to send them promotional material. You also want to store what products they bought so far. If you'd put that in one table, you'd be repeating the customer's address for each article they bought. When one of them changes address, you need to remember to change all the records to update the address to avoid data inconsistency.

So you normalize this bit, and create a table with e.g. customer number + customer name + customer street + customer zip code/postal code, a second table with zip code + city, a third table with customer number + product number, a fourth table with product number + product description + vendor number, etc.

Now look at the I/O involved in getting at that data. When you put all the data in one table, accessing all the data will normally involve fewer I/O transactions and therefore be faster than accessing the data spread over multiple tables, which requires jumping back and forth from indexes to data records, as it . And despite the fact that I/O performance has improved tremendously since early days, it still is the slowest component in a computer.

Computers with slow I/O subsystems may also benefit from denormalisation. Denormalisation basically is the process of finding the balance between avoiding data duplication and ensuring database performance.

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odbms stands for Object DataBase Management System & ordbms stands for Object Relational DataBase Management System odbms supports complex data-types. ordbms is one of the two approaches derived from odbms.(second one is oodbms). ordbms can be thougth of as an attempt to extend rdbms.

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a persitent object is the one that is stored permanently on the disk......whereas a transient object is stored temporarily on the ram....

You can have what is known as Conditional Formatting, which can change the format, depending on the value.

Codd's Rule Maulin Thaker Ahmedabad There are 13 (0 to 12) rules which were presented by Dr. E.F.Codd ,in June 1970,in ACM (Association of Computer Machinery) Rule 0. Relational Database management “A relational database management system must use only its relational capabilities to manage the information stored in the database”. Rule 1. The information rule All information in the database to be represented in one and only one way, Namely by values in column positions within rows of tables. Rule 2. Logical accessibility This rule says about the requirement of primary keys. Every individual value in the database must be logically addressable by specifying the name of table, column and the primary key value of the row. Rule 3. Representation of null values The DBMS is required to support a representation of "missing information and inapplicable information" (for example, 0 'Zero' is different from other Numbers), This type of information must be represented by the DBMS in a systematic way (For example Null Character ). Rule 4. Catalog Facilities The system is required to support an on line, in line, relational data access to authorized users by using their Query language. Rule 5. Data Languages. The system must support a least one relational language (It may support more than one relational language) that (a) has a linear syntax, (b) can be used in two ways and within application programs, (c) supports data operations security and integrity constraints, and transaction management operations (commit). Rule 6. View Updatability All views that are theoretically updatable must be updatable by the system. Rule 7. update and delete. The system must support INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE operators. Rule 8. Physical data independence Changes to the physical level (how the data is stored, whether in arrays or linked lists etc.) must not require a change to an application based on the structure. Rule 9. Logical data independence Changes made to tables to modify any data stored in the tables must not require changes to be made to application programs. Logical data independence is more difficult to achieve than physical data independence. Rule 10. Integrity Constraints Integrity constraints must be specified separately from application programs and stored in the catalog. It must be possible to change such constraints when they are unnecessarily affecting existing applications. Rule 11. Database Distribution The RDBMS may spread across more than one system and across several networks, however the tables should appear in same manner to every user like local users. Rule 12. The Non Subversion rule If the system provides a low-level interface, then that interface cannot be used to weaken the system (e.g.) bypassing a relational security or integrity constraint. One joking version of this is: "The Key, the whole Key, and nothing but the Key, so help me CODD". Which means that any piece of data should be reliant on only one primary key in a table. Search the web for database design or data normalization or CODD or all of it. Alternately, try searching for Boyce-Codd Normal Form, which is a specific form of normalization for relational databases.

Edgar F Codd (considered to be the pioneer of the Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) concept) proposed 12 Rules (one could perhaps consider them as key characteristics) to determine if an RDBMS is truly an RDBMS. From [1], and many other text-book sources (particularly those written by CJ Date): 1. Information Rule 2. Guaranteed Access Rule 3. Systematic Treatment of Null Values 4. Dynamic Online Catalog Based on the Relational Model 5. Comprehensive Data Sublanguage Rule 6. View Updating Rule 7. High-Level Insert, Update, and Delete 8. Physical Data Independence 9. Logical Data Independence 10. Integrity Independence 11. Distribution Independence 12. Nonsubversion Rule Using these rules, there are actually very few systems which comes close to begin true RDBMSs

I believe it is something that you are changing during the experiment and there could be millions of examples

ALTER TABLE mytab MODIFY (mycol <modifications>)

Yes. You can link to multiple sources at the same time.

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Go to the options bar and click add. then type in your query. it is pretty simple!

It depends on what kind of files are in the CD's folder. If it's a CD that was purchased with software in the folders, you probably cannot delete the folder as the files within it are write-protected against accidental deletion. If the CD is something you created and your account has full rights to the files within, you should be able to delete the folder. If it gives you an error that the folder cannot be deleted because it is not empty, delete the contents first, then the folder.

A Key field is a field that has little chances of having repeat entries. Usually Name fields are not suitable because many people may have the same name. The basic purpose of having a key is defeated.

Hence having names as keys is not suitable.

• Dealing with a single table.

The standard query language for relational databases, as adopted by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), is SQL, which is generally understood to be an abbreviation for "structured query language."

Information processing provides individuals with basic skills to use the computer to process many types of information effectively and efficiently.