Infectious Diseases

naturally present or originate within the host's body, such as bacteria or viruses. These agents can cause diseases when they disrupt the body's normal functioning and immune response.

The incubation period of Clostridium perfringens food poisoning is typically 6-24 hours after consuming contaminated food. Symptoms may include abdominal cramping and diarrhea. Reheating food thoroughly can help prevent this type of food poisoning.

Some positive gram cocci, such as Staphylococcus aureus, can develop resistance to penicillins through the production of beta-lactamase enzymes. In these cases, alternative antibiotics like cephalosporins or vancomycin may be used to treat the infection. It is important to conduct testing to determine the susceptibility of the specific strain to different antibiotics.

The Spanish influenza was caused by an H1N1 virus that emerged during World War I. The close quarters of soldiers in military camps and the movement of troops around the world facilitated the rapid spread of the virus. The lack of immunity in the population and the crowded conditions in cities contributed to the severity of the pandemic.

Yes, tetracycline is a commonly used antibiotic to treat Lyme disease. It is effective in killing the bacteria that causes Lyme disease, particularly in the early stages of the infection. However, other antibiotics like doxycycline are more commonly used today due to better absorption and fewer side effects.

Urine is typically sterile when it leaves the body because the bladder and urinary tract are normally free of bacteria and viruses. However, bacteria can be introduced from external sources during collection or if there is an infection present in the urinary tract.

Non-pathogenic amoebas are commonly found in various aquatic environments such as freshwater bodies like lakes, ponds, and rivers, as well as in soil. They play important roles in nutrient cycling and decomposition processes in these habitats. Several species also form symbiotic relationships with other organisms.

Bacillus anthracis IS the scientific name.

Tubercle bacillus can be killed with antibiotics, specifically a combination of drugs over a prolonged period of time. It is important to complete the full course of treatment to ensure eradication of the bacteria and prevent antibiotic resistance. Additionally, practicing good respiratory hygiene and infection control measures can help prevent the spread of the bacteria.

Viral infections affect health in a number of ways, they destroy your WBC(white blood cells) which are responsible to maintain the defence mechanism of your body, also it can lead to weight loss which is very important factor concerning health care issues, viral infections also lead to high fever and loss of hunger.

Professor Barry Marshall is a medical pioneer whose work transcends all boundaries. In 2005 Barry J. Marshall and J. Robin Warren were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in recognition of their 1982 discovery that a bacterium, Helicobacter pylori, causes one of the most common and important diseases of mankind, peptic ulcer disease. Barry Marshall met Robin Warren, a pathologist interested in gastritis, during internal medicine fellowship training at Royal Perth Hospital in 1981. Together, the pair studied the presence of spiral bacteria in association with gastritis. The following year (1982), Helicobacter pylori was cultured for the first time and they developed their hypothesis related to the bacterial cause of peptic ulcer and gastric cancer. In 1984, while at Fremantle Hospital, Marshall fulfilled Koch's postulates for H.pylori and gastritis in a well-publicised self-administration experiment, in which he drank a culture of H.pylori. Persevering despite widespread skepticism, Marshall also came up with combinations of drugs that killed the H.pylori bacteria and eliminated ulcers permanently. The hypothesis that H.pylori is a causative factor of stomach cancer was accepted in 1994 by the World Health Organisation. This work has now been acknowledged as the most significant discovery in the history of gastroenterology and is compared to the development of the polio vaccine and the eradication of smallpox. Affecting 50% of the global population, H.pylori is recognized as the most common chronic infection in the world. "Like a trail of crumbs, the DNA of our Helicobacter pylori can show where we were born and where our ancestors traveled from over the past 60,000 years" says Marshall. In 2008 Professor Marshall was elected into the prestigious US National Academy of Science, an institution that was established in 1863 by President Abraham Lincoln. This recognition further establishes Barry's international scientific credentials. Barry was born in Kalgoorlie, Western Australia in 1951 and attended Marist Brothers College in Perth from 1960-68. He completed his undergraduate medical degree at The University of Western Australia in 1974. Barry Marshall is married with four children and four grandchildren and lives in Subiaco, Western Australia. Current Appointments: # Elected Member of US National Academy of Sciences # Senior Principal Research Fellow at the UWA School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences # Consultant Gastroenterologist (Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital) # Clinical Professor of Medicine (University of Western Australia) # co-Director of the Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research & Training # Founder and Director of ONDEK, a biotechnology company # Founder and Director of TRI-MED a diagnostics company # "Ambassador for Life Sciences for Western Australia" - a State appointment. # Patron of the Monash Centre for Synchrotron Science # Francis R & Helen M. Pentz Professor of Science at Penn State University, USA Recent Awards: # Warren Alpert Prize with Dr Warren 1995 # The John Scott Award, City Of Philadelphia 1995 # The Gairdner Award, Toronto Canada 1996 # The Albert Lasker Award 1995 # The Paul Ehrlich Prize with Dr Warren 1997 # The Dr A.H. Heineken Prize for Medicine 1998 # The Florey Medal, Australia 1998 # Member of the Royal Society, UK 1999 # Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science 1999 # Benjamin Franklin Medal for Life Science 1999 # Prince Mahidol Award for Public Health 2001 # The Keio Medical Science Prize 2002 In conjunction with Dr Robin Warren # Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine 2005 # Western Australian Citizen of the Year 2006 # Western Australian of the Year 2007 # The Companion in the General Division of the Order of Australia (AC) in 2007.

On the back-up crew Charlie Duke got the measles and they took Ken Mattingly off of the mission because he was exposed to them and was supposed to get sick but he never did.

The truth is, no one really knows. Flu strains are mutating all of the time. Each time a flu strain mutates to act in a different way, it is given another name (if we actually discover it and can recognize that it is different). The other problem is discovery. Often, different strains act in the same way. Therefore, it isn't really important to distinguish between strains. Only strains that seem to 1) be popular in the next flu season or 2) pose a great threat to humans are actually identified.

Influenza spreads widely across the globe with outbreaks somewhere in the world at any given time. The location of the world's most concentrated number of cases can vary year to year. People who live closely together are among the hardest hit by an influenza outbreak since crowded conditions help to get the virus particles dispersed among more people who in turn disperse more. The elderly, age 65 and over, suffer the most cases in most influenza outbreaks and epidemics. The highest percentage of deaths from influenza is also in the elderly demographic group.

People should practice sanitary conditions and frequent hand washing to avoid the spread of a virus, like influenza.

True Pathogen- are capable of causing disease in healthy persons with normal immune defenses ex. influenza virus, plague bacillus, and ect

Opportunistic pathogen- cause disease when the host's defenses are compromised or when they grow in part of the body that is not natural to them

Some famous people who have had measles include Walt Disney, Anne Frank, and Roald Dahl.

Influenza is a respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses. It spreads from person to person through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person talks, coughs, or sneezes. You can also get influenza by touching a surface or object with the virus on it and then touching your mouth, nose, or eyes.

E. coli bacteria can survive on dry surfaces for a few hours to a few days, depending on conditions such as temperature and humidity. In general, they are more likely to survive longer in cooler and more humid environments. Regular cleaning and disinfection can help reduce the presence of E. coli on surfaces.

Yes, a person given anti-rabies treatment may experience side effects such as pain at the injection site, headache, nausea, and fatigue even if the dog does not have rabies. It is important to follow medical advice and complete the full course of treatment to prevent rabies infection from developing.

El sarampion.

Many pathogens enter the body through the mouth and nose.The linings of the mouth, throat and nose produce mucus which can trap bacteria. This mucus is periodically swallowed and the acid in the stomach kills most of the bacteria. So that's how we get colds and why pathogens make us feel icky and ill.

Target hemolysis is caused by the bacteria closteridium perfringens. there is a narrow zone of complete hemolysis due to theta toxin sorrounded by incomplete zone of hemolysis due to alpha toxin