Mechanical Engineering

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DD Amount to be sent for genuineness certificate in madrasuniversity

No, ASTM A105 and ASTM A234 WPB serve different purposes and are not interchangeable. ASTM A105 is a standard specification for carbon steel forged piping components, while ASTM A234 WPB covers fittings made from carbon and alloy steel for use in piping systems. The mechanical properties and intended applications differ between the two standards, so using one in place of the other could compromise the integrity and performance of the piping system. Always consult applicable codes and standards for specific applications.

By performing a spark test in a grinder. The colour of the spark is different in each case. High carbon steel will give out bright yellow sparks.

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linkages

see deltaflex.com DV = 2 g G to / pi, Gout = DV fn/pi

Material equivalent refers to the concept of comparing different materials based on their properties, such as strength, density, or thermal conductivity, to determine a substitute that can perform a similar function in a given application. It is often used in engineering and materials science to identify alternative materials that can replace a specific material while maintaining performance standards. This approach is crucial for cost-effectiveness, sustainability, and optimizing material selection in design and manufacturing processes.

Diagonally

First, Manning's roughness coefficient is dimensionless. Second, usually unfinished concrete is assigned an n value of 0.014 whereas finished concrete is assigned an n value of 0.012.

No. There are a few reasons why a pneumatic control valve can not be used with hydraulics applications.

Firstly, pneumatic seals are incompatible to the chemical properties of hydraulic oils and they do not have the strength to accommodate the high pressures produced by a hydraulic system.

Secondly, pneumatic valves are not designed for high pressure operation and the component would get damaged, burst or crack.

Finally, the tolerances within pneumatic components would allow by-passing due to the slacker tolerances compared to hydraulic components. By-passing causes all sorts of problems by itself: Over-heating, leaking, internal structure damage of the component.

12 June

I'm currently benchmarking a number of plants in my company which produce steam for downstream processing. What is a typical kWh/kg of steam ratio I could set as a best practice target?

Thanks Paul

1. Tracking particles in particle physics

2. Gas properties including Boyle's Law, Charles' Law, Ideal Gas Law, etc.

3. designing lens

4. Analyzing capillary forces

5. The math of rainbows 6. Orbits of some space craft

Depending on what kind of power we're talking about here, if you mean 'power' as in work dived by (/) time, as in, not 'power' as in watts, but as in physical power, then here is the calculation:

" work

---------

time "

But, if you want to know 'power' power, than I suggest you look it up on a search engine.

J Dog -----

A movement in the opposite direction before the desired movement. When one throws a ball, the final action is that the hand moves forwards and the ball is released. Usually to give a larger force, the hand moves backward, before the throw. This backward movement is known as counter movement. A good example is the counter movement jump, where a person, from a standing position, goes into a squat and then jumps. Counter movement can occur at many body parts including legs, hips, shoulders and hands.

The ASTM A105 is the Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Applications. It will tell you everything you need to know the standards.

for doing irrigation water is required

Work done is used as a term to communicate that a predetermined task has been completed OR to specifify a percentage of the task completed by saying that work done is at (f.i.) 70%

1. Before you use a tool on your work piece make sure that the tools are not loose or indeed broken which can cause harm to yourself or others around you.

In a Power generating plant, steam is produced in a boiler. The boiler is effectively a huge kettle. Generally a boiler has the following subassembly layout: high pressure water flow (>200 bar g, >250 DEG C) enters the economizer inlet headers and then thru the economizer heat exchange pipes to arive in the economizer outlet headers. Main role of the economizer is heat up the water. After the economizer the water runs thru the headers and heat exchange pipes of the evaporator. Here the water vaporizes in to steam. Steam then runs through the headers and heat exchange pipes of generally 2 - 3 superheaters. Between superheaters and after the last superheater is a water injection point to control the temperature of the superheated steam.

This layout would be in case of drum boiler, used in small power plants (electric power output not more then 100MW). Now the drum is large barell on top of the boiler where water and steam are separated. In case of large MW rated power plants the boiled does not have a drum. I must also say that when a boiler has a drum it is called a multiple pass boiler. That means that water is circulated through the vaporizer in 2,3 or more cycles until is fully transformed in to steam. In case of large MW rated power plants water passes through the vaporizer only one time and is fully transformed in to steam. This type of boilers are called " once through" boilers or "Benson" type after the name of the inventor.

Now to have a view about the actual layout of the heat exchange surfaces here are some facts :

- furnace, wih burners, is place where the flame or fire is located. Here temperature is very high ( >900DEG C). Heat surfaces are superheaters. Main heat exchange is done through radiation. Professionals calls this heat exchanger as radiation superheater.

- convective superheaters. Called like this because heat exchange is particularly by convective means. The flue gases are cooler here and this is an array of pipes that the flue gases washes them. As I mentioned earlier it can be 2-3 convective superheaters.

Steam that comes out from superheaters is run through pipes to the turbine inlet valves. In large MW rated power plants, steam that comes out from the high pressure turbine body is reheated in the boiler. Reheaters are also heat exchange surfaces that are generally intercalated with the superheaters. After reheating the steam is run to the intermediate pressure turbine body.

To continue with the heat exchange surfaces layout in boiler, flue gases after washing the superheaters and/or reheaters will wash the evaporator and then the economizer before actually exiting the boiler body. To recover as much heat from the flue gases, after exiting the boiler, flue gases are run through a rotarry or tube heat exchanger. Here, air that is fed to the burners is heted. This way remanent heat of the flue gases is put back in to boiler making it more efficient.

So to summarize a boiler is made of ( in order of flue gases pass) :

- furnace (radiation superheater, pipes are run by high pressure steam)

- convective superheaters ( pipes are run by high pressure steam)

- evaporator (pipes are run by a mixture of water and steam)

- economizer ( pipes are run by water )

Unlike a huge kettle, modern boilers use tubes filled with water and steam. Contained within a furnace.

cutting tools like scissor,knife

It works by enlarging the central bearing to nearly the size of the rim.