Nuclear Weapons

They called the atomic bomb pandora's box because it had many negative effects on a lot of people.
once opened, never closed. but that is true of all science/technology.

the atomic bomb was not discovered, it was invented then built.

To defend against the possibility of a Nazi atomic bomb, which if Germany succeeded in making it Hitler would order it used against Britain to force them to surrender. It was hoped the US might complete the atomic bomb first, but if not then shortly after so that Germany might also be attacked with them in retaliation for attacking England.

"The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) is one of the great success stories of arms control. It has made major contributions to global security and economic wellbeing. It has been remarkably successful in achieving its main goals and -- with nearly 190 parties -has become the most widely-adhered to arms control treaty in history. The NPT is an indispensable tool in preventing the spread of nuclear weapons." Signed on July 1, 1968; entered into force March 5, 1970.

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During the 1960's, when the NPT was negotiated, many observers predicted that there would be 20 to 30 avowed nuclear weapon states today. In fact, this has not happened. Since 1970, when the NPT was brought into force, the ranks of declared nuclear weapons states (the United States, Soviet Union/Russia, Britain, France, and China) have grown in number only because of the breakup of the Soviet Union -- with Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine inheriting Soviet nuclear weapons on their soil. These three newly independent states -- Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine -- have committed themselves to adhere to the NPT as non-nuclear weapons states "in the shortest possible time."

What is the NPT? In broad terms the NPT constitutes an agreement of non-nuclear states to forego nuclear weapons, to put peaceful nuclear facilities under the international safeguards of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and to provide rights to technical cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. In addition, for nuclear weapons states, the NPT is an undertaking to end the arms race and pursue nuclear disarmament.

Critics say that the NPT is "discriminatory," because it accepts five nuclear powers and freezes out all others. NPT proponents ask, if every state in the world had nuclear weapons, would anyone feel safer?

In fact, the Treaty did not create nuclear weapon "haves" and "have-nots" -- it only recognized reality and helped stop a deadly trend in its tracks. Furthermore, Article Six of the Treaty obligates the nuclear weapons states to pursue in good faith measures related to nuclear disarmament and to ending the nuclear arms race. With the end of the Cold War, great progress has been made towards this goal. Consider what has been done or agreed to:

-- 2,000 warheads from an entire class of weapons have been eliminated under the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty;

-- The United States and former Soviet Union have made unilateral decisions to withdraw and dismantle thousands more of their tactical nuclear arms; and

-- The START and START II agreements have reversed the strategic arms race and taken more than 17,000 nuclear weapons off missiles and bombers.

The vast majority of NPT members are non-nuclear, non-aligned countries. For them the Treaty provides a number of very important benefits:

-- the security of knowing that their neighbors and regional rivals are not nuclear armed and will not be able effectively to pursue nuclear-weapons ambitions;

-- the fiscal savings and sanity that come from avoidance of regional arms races;

-- the lessening of the risk that nuclear weapons somewhere will be used, with the tragic consequences to human life and the global environment;

-- the meaningful security guarantees and assurances that stem from participation in treaties, security arrangements, regional regimes and global norms; and

-- access to trade in the fullest range of nuclear-related commodities and technologies.

Although the NPT has proved itself to be an effective tool in insuring global security and nuclear stability, it is facing critical crossroads. The Treaty, which entered into force March 5, 1970, provides that its parties shall meet 25 years thereafter to decide whether the Treaty shall continue in force indefinitely, or shall be extended for an additional fixed period or periods.

That critical 25-year mark comes next year; and in April 1995 a conference will be held to determine the future of the NPT.

The Clinton administration maintains that extending the Treaty for a fixed term of years will not work. For one thing, it would not serve the cause of non-proliferation to have countries jockeying for position as the Treaty's expiration date grew near. For another, further extending the Treaty at the end of the fixed period would require its amendment -- a daunting procedural and political hurdle.

Therefore, the United State supports indefinite and unconditional extension of the treaty.

The prevention of the spread of weapons of mass destruction is a central element of U.S. foreign policy. In the fall of 1993, President Bill Clinton reiterated before the United Nations the American view. The president declared:

"We intend to weave non-proliferation more deeply into the fabric of our relationships with the world's nations and institutions. We seek to build a world of increasing pressures for non-proliferation, but increasingly open trade and technology for states that live by accepted international norms."

In short, the United States seeks a global environment in which nations that act responsibly will benefit from full participation in the international community, including both relevant security assurances and thriving commercial relationships. Those that don't act responsibly will become commercial and political outcasts.

The United States has made a point of practicing what its preaches in this regard. It is dismantling approximately 2000 nuclear weapons each year -- the highest rate that technical limitations will permit. In fact, under the START II agreement, the United States is committed to reduce nuclear weapons to 1972 levels, effectively wiping out 20 years of the arms race.

Furthermore, U.S. law prohibits the United States from engaging in nuclear cooperation with any country that does not have a safeguards agreement with the IAEA. This policy, moreover, has been adopted by all major nuclear suppliers.

Throughout its 25 years as a Treaty member, the United States has supported technical cooperation projects in NPT-member countries in such diverse areas as agricultural research, nuclear medicine, and nuclear energy in an effort to enhance the technological knowledge and promote the development and economic well-being of those countries.

Not all countries have abided by the terms of the Treaty. Iran, for example, is a member of the NPT, but there is strong evidence that it is pursuing nuclear weapons technology. Without outside help, Iran is believed to be some years away from its nuclear goals -- and the United States is committed to denying Iran that help.

Iraq's nuclear program, the scope of which became known after the Gulf War, also demonstrated that adherence to the NPT is not by itself a sufficient basis to presume the absence of a proliferation threat. The IAEA, however, has since then strengthened its system of safeguards, reaffirmed the right to conduct special inspections at undeclared sites, and approved a voluntary program of reporting nuclear exports to the Agency. Analysis of the combined data will enhance IAEA's ability to detect undeclared nuclear activities.

In North Korea, the IAEA's inspections have demonstrated to the world its vigilance in pursuing compliance with international safeguards agreements. During the Agency's inspections to verify the completeness and correctness of North Korea's initial declaration, the Agency discovered discrepancies that led it to seek special inspections at undeclared sites.

The situation in North Korea demonstrates a global norm at work and the fact that the NPT is able to function as intended by using an effective verification. When non-compliance was detected in North Korea, the matter was referred to the UN Security Council, and international pressure was placed on North Korea to live up to its obligations as a NPT signatory.

A number of other states are considered technologically advanced enough to manufacture nuclear weapons within a few weeks of a decision to do so. These "threshold" states include Israel, India and Pakistan. None are members of the NPT. The United States and other countries continue to pursue discussions with these states aimed at confidence-building. The goal is to promote regional security -- an environment in which nations can feel safe even without nuclear weapons in their arsenals.

Indeed, with the Cold War over, regional rivalries and nuclear proliferation pose the gravest threats to international security. The nearly universal support that now exists for the NPT is a formidable political force against states that have remained outside the regime, or parties that have not complied with their NPT obligations. By making the NPT a permanent part of the international security structure, the NPT could continue to serve as a stable foundation upon which other vitally needed measures for disarmament can be built.

Put a cap in the nose and drop it

Zambia does not have nuclear weapons.

The T shaped Aioi Bridge was the aim point in Hiroshima.

yes...

No single frequency, it is a wide bandwidth pulse that can contain frequencies well below the AM radio band into the high microwave band.

I am not sure which bomb you mean, however, if you mean the atomic bomb, then it is at least possible that had Imperial Japan developed the atomic bomb, rather than the US, and had they used the atomic bomb against the US during WW II, then it may be that the US would have surrendered, and that Japan would now rule the world (perhaps also conquering its sort-of ally, the Third Reich). However, such alternate histories are very complicated to figure out. The unfolding of world history is influenced by many different factors.

Additional Thought

If Japan had developed the atomic bomb prior to the US involvement in the war, and then used it in their preemptive strike on the US, then it seems very likely that the Allied Forces would have been annihilated. At that time, the US was trying (perhaps too hard) to stay out of the war, and was not fully geared up to respond even to a conventional strike. If Japan had used such a weapon at that time, there is no reason to believe that they would have stopped at Pearl Harbor. Much of the US and probably much of Europe would have been devastated by multiple bombings.

Franklin D. Rosevelt and Harry Truman in America
Roosevelt

B-29 Superfortress

If you are referring to the NukeTown multiplayer map for CoD: Black Ops, then yes it is available. It is one of the free maps offered on Black Ops for all game systems.

A MK-3 Plutonium Implosion Fission Bomb, yield ~21KTons, airburst @ ~1,800 feet.

See link for more info.

by killing zombies and then they drop them you just run into the nuke and BOOm! nuke ..

zombies must be inside the room on Nacht Der Untoten

Of your choices: Iran

My choice: N. Korea

Nuclear winter refers to a long-term cooling of the Earth's climate following a massive nuclear war. Nuclear weapons, as we all know, pack a lot of power into a small device. If a large number were detonated over short time period it would result in a lot of debris in the atmosphere. This debris would be of a type that would likely stay suspended in the atmosphere at high altitude. It is believed that this high-altitude debris would reflect a significant portion of the sun's rays, not allowing them to reach into the lower atmosphere or to Earth. As a result, the climate would cool significantly, resulting in a long, cold winter (depending on the amount of debris, one long cold winter season to several years or decades of very cold weather).

Similar effects have been seen from large volcanic eruptions which through large amounts of fine ash into the air. Krakatoa, Pinatubo, and Mt. Saint Helens all resulted in raising the Earth's effective albedo (the amount of light reflected back to space) and produced a measurably cooler climate over large portions of the planet.

Due to some air pollutants released from chimneys of factories,the air will be filled with them.They assume the shape of a mushroom cloud and prevent sun's rays from reaching the earth.So it becomes cold. Nuclear explosions trigger a horrendous chain reaction. The instantaneous outcome is the thermal and blast effect annihilating everything in and around the area. The mushrooming cloud due to the explosion rises high into the stratosphere, spreading out vast quantities of soot and radioactive debris. Some of the debris fall back to the ground as rain out. The soot and other particles suspended in the atmosphere would block sunlight and lower the global temperatures steeply to subzero levels, ushering in wintery conditions over the planet. This sequence of events has been termed as "Nuclear Winter". As a consequence, photosynthesis would stop leading to the destruction of all green plants. Subsequently oxygen regeneration would cease and carbon dioxide would accumulate. Earth's radiation balance and heat budget would get altered leading to drastic changes in the global circulation pattern. the seasonal monsoons and tropiacl rains may disappear. the duration and extent of the nuclear winter scenario would depend on the location, season and intensity of the explosion.

The 'first of' any pious practice would be hard to determine, especially centuries ago. One can easily imagine small children with their dolls performing their own miracle play on the day when adults were celebrating.

St Francis of Assisi certainly did much to promote it in 1223 at Gréccio, Italy, where it first came into historical notice.

yes it is

if anyone wants to talk about black ops 1 black ops 2 or world at war i know all the secrets hacks glitches aand everything of them contact me at andregoodarzi@hotmail.com

A surname for the Area 11 from Nevada Test Site (testing of nuclear weapons with plutonium in 1955-1956).

Several open-air tests were conducted to test the safety of warhead designs at this location. While not designed to produce a nuclear yield, the explosions spread the plutonium from the nuclear cores across the valley, contaminating the valley floor.

Yes it was necessary and yes there were alternatives, all of which the US was preparing to use to make Japan surrender.

The US was already conducting several 1000 plane firebombing raids every night (each of which killed as many Japanese as each atomic bomb), 23 atomic bombs were planned for production and use on Japan before the end of 1945 with more in 1946 and later if needed, 2 "D-day" invasions (one in october or november 1945 the other in spring of 1946) each larger than the Normandy D-day invasion of 1944, and stockpiling of chemical weapons (e.g. nerve gas, mustard gas) for use during the invasions if the Japanese fought as they had on several of the pacific islands, etc.

Also the USSR was attempting "backdoor" diplomacy on Japanese surrender terms, but these negotiations were proceeding slowly both due to Japanese demands for conditions (which the Potsdam declaration would not permit) and Stalin's foot dragging because he wanted as much Japanese land as he could grab militarily.

Had the Japanese not surrendered when they did US, Soviet, and Japanese troops would have soon found themselves fighting on the world's first atomic battlefield with about 2 atomic bombs exploding somewhere in Japan every week and the issues of radioactive fallout as well as poisonous chemical weapons gases. And if the atomic bombs not been used at all, chemical weapons would have certainly been used.

The SPACE RACE

Probably the best unclassified sources of this information are Richard Rhodes books: The Making of the Atomic Bomb and Dark Sun.