Persian Empire

In the second half of the 6th Century BCE.

Earth and water. At the time, the Athenian diplomats did not understand the significance of this (to the Persians it meant surrender) and thought it was a meaningless gesture.

It was significance because the Greeks could form a coalition against a common enemy by setting aside the differences they had as individual city-states .

The question as written makes no sense. Iraq and Iran (formerly called Persia each other with no country in between them. (Consult the above map.) However, if you meant to ask which country is between Afghanistan and Iraq, it would be Iran (formerly called Persia).

As for the modern country that used to be called Persia, this would be Iran.

Pan is alleged to have supported them.

They imposed peace and promoted prosperity.

yes the Romans defeated the last of the major greek city-states in 146 BC.

They established 20 provinces each with a Persian governor responsible to the king. They also left the local governments in control of their cities/tribes/principalities under supervision of the governors.

Persia had a king. Athens had a direct democracy.

The original name Iran (= Aryan) was overlaid in the west by the Greek name Persia. This persisted until modern times. In 1935 the Shah (king) tried to reinstate Iran as the name, but this was not successful and in 1949 either name use was accepted. In recent years international use has accepted Iran, however the word Persian is used in some contexts.

The Greek city-states were able to go back to their usual fighting each other, culminating in the devastating 27-year Peloponnesian War. Further weakened by ongoing warfare, this made them an easy mark for takeover by a rising Macedonia.

Mainland Greece in ancient times was not part of the Persian Empire, though many Greek lands in what is now Turkey were conquered by Persia. It was Greek military resistance to two Persian invasions that kept it out of the Persian Empire.

By the 5th Century BCE when the conflict between Persia and the eastern Greek city-states began, the Greek cities had spread all around the Mediterranean and Black Seas. Only the eastern cities were involved in the conflict. The Persian attempt to force peace on the ever-warring Greek cities failed, and these cities went back to their normal fighting amongst themselves, greatly weakening themselves in the Peloponnesian War between Athens and its empire and the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta.

The Persians became an interested spectator of this mutual destruction. It took MMacedonia under Philip II to bring them under control, and his son Alexander then carried out his father Philip's plan to seize the Persian Empire.

So the Persian Wars did not greatly affect Western civilisation - that arose on the back of Greek, Macedonian and then Roman control and culture in the West. The Persian Wars are part of history, not civilisation.

The Greeks were operating in 'internal lines', that is they were able to get their soldiers, weapons and food from local sources. The Persians had to bring theirs from Asia, and after their fleet was defeated at Salamis, had to send half their army home as they could not support them. With evened numbers, the superiority of the Greek armoured infantry was telling over the unarmoured Persian infantry, and they negated the Persian cavalry advantage by fighting on rough ground.

It was called the Persian War.

"Center" referring to the capital of the Safavid empire: Tabriz, Qazvin, and Isfahan were all the capital of the Safavid empire at different points in its existence. Tabriz is located in the current East Azerbaijan Province. Qazvin is the current capital of the Province of Qazvin. Ishafan is the current capital of Isfahan Province. All are within the modern country of Iran.

Salamis 480 BCE, Plataea 479 BCE, Mycale 479 BCE.

They met them in battle a number of times such as Thermopylae and Marathon, but they also gave money, weapons, and men to some Greek states that were opposing the Persians on the other side of the Aegean.

In 592 BCE the Kushites, under attack from a Greek-Carian mercenary force, moved to Meroe, 240 km southeast of Napata on the other side of the Nile.

The slowing of the Persia advance was to force a sea battle in the nearby strait at Artemesia in an attempt to destroy the Persian fleet. As this sea battle failed, the three day delay at Thermopylae had no overall significance.

The invasion was turned back at the subsequent battles of Salamis, Plataia and Mycale.

king Cyrus was the ruler who united the Persians into a powerful kingdom

He pretended he would bring Athenian navy over to Persia in the battle of Salamis, and told them the reek navy woul flee to the west, persuading the Persians to send a third of their fleet to cover that, and so equalled up the opposing fleets.

The Greek city-states within the Persian Empire revolted in 499 BCE. Athens and Eretria supported them and in the process burnt down the Persian provincial capital of Sardis. Persia sent and expedition in 490 BCE to take over the cities and instal local tyrants to stop any repeat of this interference. This was repelled at Marathon, and Persia decided that the only way to pacify the mainland cities was to bring them all under control of a Persian governor. Some agreed to this, and Persia sent an invasion force in 480 BCE to take control of the remainder.