Philippines

(by feet ang height. . .) 1. Mt Apo 9689ft.

2. Mt Dulang-Dulang 9637 Mindanao

3. Mt Pulog 9610 Luzon

4. Mt Kitanglad 9509 Mindanao

5. Mt Tabayac 9322 Luzon

6. Mt Piapayungan 9233 Mindanao

7. Mt Maagnaw 8994 Mindanao

8. Mt Singakalca 8915 Luzon

9. Mt Amuyao 8863 Luzon

10. Mt Kapiligan 8758 Luzon

11. Mt Cawit 8754 Luzon

12. Mt Abao 8731 Luzon

13. Mt Osdung 8584 Luzon

14. Mt Lumuluyaw 8567 Luzon

15. Mt Halcon 8482 Mindoro

16. Mt Alchanon 8449 Luzon

17. Mt Cauitan 8426 Luzon

18. Mt Baco 8161 Mindoro

19. Mt Kanla-on 8085 Negros

20. Mt Bangbanglang 8082 Luzon

21. Mt Pawoi 8056 Luzon

22. Mt Sapacoy 8056 Luzon==nega_posi200@yahoo.com==
Mayon Volcano

Mayon Volcano lies in the eastern portion of the province of Albay and is about 300 km. southeast of Manila. Well known for its beauty and near perfect cone, this active volcano is one of the tourist attractions of the country.

Mayon reaches up to around 2,462 m. above sea level and covers an area of 250 sq. km. Its base circumference is 62.8 km. encompassing the towns of Camalig, Malilipot and Sto. Domingo.

Mayon is classified as a stratovolcano or composite cone. It consists of deposits formed basically by four major types of volcanic activity: airfall deposition, pyroclastic flows, rain triggered debris flows and lava flows. Airfalls and pyroclastic flow deposits are composed of unconsolidated materials, varying in size from ash to ssmall boulders. These deposits result from the eruption of fragmented rocks from the crater and are transported downslope under the influence of gravity, explosion blast and the prevailing wind.

Considered as the most active volcano in the Philippines, Mayon Volcano has had at least 43 eruptions since 1616. Its most violent and devastating outburst occurred on February 1, 1814. Nearby towns of Camalig, Cagsawa and Budiao were severely damaged, half of Guinobatan was ruined and at least 1,200 people perished in this eruption.

The eruptions of Mayon are usually "Vulcanian" or explosive in nature. They are characterized by the emission of fine ash and ash-laden gases forming huge "cauliflower" clouds. The symmetry of the volcano indicates that the eruptions have always occured at the central vent and that these have never been violent enough to destroy Mayon's form.

Mayon, though sometimes destructive, is also productive. Its fertile slopes and surrounding plains, coupled by abundant rainfall through the year, have made Albay a rich agricultural region with the bulk of its population found in towns bordering the volcano such as Camalig, Guinobatan, Daraga, Legaspi, Sto. Domingo, Ligao and Malilipot. The region is suited for growing abaca and coconut, two of Bicol's major crops, as well as palay and vegetables.

Taal Volcano

Taal Volcano, one of the world's lowest volcanoes, is an island located near the center of Taal Lake in Batangas Province. Its highest point, 311m . Above sea level, is on the eastern rim of the main crater.

Covering an area of 23 sq. km., the Volcano Island is surrounded by a fresh body of water, about two meters above sea level and 127 sq. km. in area. Taal Lake is known to have originated from the collapse of pre-historic volcanic centers. The underwater topography suggests the presence of about 35 different submerged volcanic landforms.

Taal Volcano is a tuff cone. The rock formation consists of moderately consolidated ash beds with varying amounts of coarser fragments. Composed of at least 35 cones coalesced by several eruptions, Taal has about 47 craters or depressions formed either by direct explosive eruptions or by collapse or ground subsience.

The 35 identified cones were formed by different type of volcanic processes: base surges (rapidly moving mixtures of volcanic debris and steam), airfalls and effusion of lava. Twenty-six of these cones are tuff cones, five are cinder cones and four are maars (shallow to deep circular depressions of volcanic origin).

The Main Crater occupies the central portion of the Volcano Island. Twelve of Taal Volcano's eruptions occured at this crater from 1749 to 1911. There are five other major eruption centers, namely: Binintiang Malaki, Binintiang Munti, Pira-0piraso, Calauit and Mt. Tabaro Eruption Site.

To date, Taal Volcano, has had 33 recorded eruption since its first known outburst in 1572. Its most catastrophic eruptions occured in 1754 and 1911. In 1754, the towns of Sala, Lipa, Tanauan, and Taal, then on the borders of Lake Taal, were destroyed and were subsequently relocated to their present sites. The 1911 eruption completely devastated the whole Volcano Island and claimed a toll of 1,034 lives. Ashes spewed out by the volcano reached as far as Manila and covered an area of 2,000 sq. km.

Based on Taal Volcano's morphological features, it can be deduced that most of its eruptions were either Phreatic or Phreatomagmatic. Ground water and mobile magma may have either separately or jointly played the pricipal role in determining the nature of Taal eruptions. The 1968 and 1969 activities were, however, characterized as Strombolian with lava fountaining from several active vents and the effussion of molten rocks at the base of crater.

Despite the hazards posed by the volcano, Taal Volcano Island has been attracting migrants because of its fertile soil and rich fishing grounds. Lake Taal is known for several varieties of milkfish, carps, maliputo and tawilis.

The island had a population of more than 5,000 in 1990.

Butusan Volcano

Butusan Volcano is located at the south central part of Sorsogon Province. It covers a surface area roughly 400 sq. km. and towers to about 1559 m. above sea level. The volcano forms part of the Bicol Volcanic Chain which stretches from Camarines Norte in the north to Sorsogon in the south. The chain, sometimes called volcanic belt, is composed of active and geologically young volcanoes most probably related to the Philippine Trench.

Bulusan is clasified as a composite volcano and is made up of lava flows and domes. It is flanked by several cones namely: Mt. Homahan, Mt. Binactan, Mt. Batuan, Mt. Juban, Mt. Calaunan, Mt. Tabon-Tabon, Mt. Calungalan and Mt. Jormajan. Beside the active volcano is an old ridge called Sharp Peak which is 1215 m. high and 1.8 km. to the northeast. Between Bulusan and Jormajan is theNatakop lava dome.

The earliest recorded eruption of Bulusan Volcano occured in 1852. This was followed by periods of eruptive activity in 1886, then 1892, and in 1894. Another 22 years elapsed before Bulusan showed signs of restiveness. On January 16, 1916, the volcano ejected mud and ash for five days, thereby triggering landslides. The volcano's eruptive activity from Oct. 1918 to March 1919 was characterized by dust emissions and lava outpourings.

Bulusan's series of 17 eruptions during May 1919 to May 1922 were of short duration ranging from 15 to 30 minutes each. Other eruptions were recorded in June 1928 and Dec. 25, 1933 and then the volcano rested for 45 years. On June 28, 1978, it suddenly ejected ashladen steam clouds which formed in a dark column of smoke 1500 m. high. Andesitic baalt ash was ejected and blown by winds to as far as Barcelona in the northeast about 15 km. from the volcano.

The eruptions which followed in 1979, 1980, 1981 and 1983 were all pheatric and as mild as the previous ones.

A total of 60 barangays within the territorial jurisdiction of six municipalities (Barcelona, Bulusan, Casiguran, Gubat, Irosin and Juban) are covered by the Bulusan Volcano hazard zones established by PHIVOLCS. These barangays lie within 4-10 km. from the summit of Bulusan Volcano.

Canlaon Volcano

Canlaon Volcano, a large stratovolcano, is located in the north central portion of Negros Island. It forms a natural boundary between the provinces of Negros Occidental and Negros Oriental.

Canlaon has a maximum elevation of 2435 m and a basal diameter of 30 km. It is a part of the volcanic arc related to subduction along the Negros Trench, which includes Mt. Silay in the north, Mt. Mandalagon and Mt. Cuernos de Negros in the south.

Canlaon consists of a multitude of craters and parasitic cones aligned linearly, with an older caldera in its central portion. Most of the older cratershave formed lakes or lagoons. The volcanic edifice has been built by airfall deposits, lava agglutinates and lava flows, pyroclastic flows and lahar.

The earliest record of Canlaon's eruption dates back to 1866. Since then, it has had at least 15 eruption periods, the latest occurring this year (1988).

Recorded eruptions have so far been mild, consisting of ash and steam explosion sometimes coupled with lava flows and pyroclastics. Occurrence of older deposits, however, suggests that pre-historic eruptions have been more violent.

Though a large segment of the volcano is considered a forest reservation, settlers have already encroached on the area. Several sugarcane haciendas are located on Canlaon's slopes. Vegetable and rice form secondary agricultural products. JOLO ISLANDLOCATION:Southwestern Mindanao/Sulu ArchipelagoLatitude:5 degrees 57.57' NLongitude:121 degrees 10.44' EHEIGHT FROM SL:811 m. maximumTYPE OF VOLCANO:Compound, mostly cinder cones and maarsKNOWN ERUPTIONS:Mt. Dakula - 1641Lake Seit - 1897TYPE OF ACTIVITY:MAIN ROCK TYPE:Basalt

Numerous cinder cones, tuff cones and maars make up the island province of Jolo. In 1641, Magisa reported that on Jan. 4, a small island "opposite the bar of the main river of Jolo" erupted and sent a shower of ash to as far as Zamboanga. However, a survey of Jolo and adjoining islands indicated that Mt. Dakula near Lake Panamo appears to be the most recent of all the cones in the province.

A submarine volcanic activity was also reported on September 21, 1897. The presence of a still active solfatara at Lake Seit, makes this maar the probable center of this activity. MOUNT MATUTUMLOCATION:Southern Mindanao/CotabatoLatitude:6 degrees 21' NLongitude:125 degrees 06.5' EHEIGHT FROM SL:2293 m.TYPE OF VOLCANO:Strato-volcanoKNOWN ERUPTIONS:1911TYPE OF ACTIVITY:MAIN ROCK TYPES:Andesite

About 70 km. south-southwest of Mt. Apo is a well preserved 2,293 m high cone named Matutum (which in the local dialect means "has fired or burnt out"). At the top is a 120-m deep and 320-m wide crater, breached by three gorges and covered with dense growth.

An unconfirmed report states that Matutum was smoking on March 7 , 1911. However, several authors believe that the volcano is dormant. Mount Musuan of CalayoLocation:BukidnonLatitude:7 52'NLongitude:125 04'EHeight from S.L.:646Type of Volcano:Essentially a tuff coneKnown Eruptions:1886 or 1887Type of Activity:Main Rock Type:

Musuan or Calayao volcano is an isolated tuff cone amidst a relatively flat, agriculturally rich terrain. It is vegetated from foot to summit with cogon grasses. Some trees thrive sparingly in its northeastern side. Its peak is flat and nearly circular with a diameter of 10-15 m.

Jesuit Father, Eusebio Barado who traveled across the island of Mindanao from Misamis to Cotobato in 1891, reported Calayo's eruption some four years ago, and its emission of sulfurous vapors which burned everything around it.

Musuan Volcano came into limelight when a swarm of fairly strong earthquakes rocked Valencia, Bukidnon, a municipality 4.5 km north of the volcano, from November 13 to 16, 1976. The event followed three major earthquakes that hit the Mindanao region (Cotobato Earthquakes of August 16 and 17, Magnitude 7, 9 and 6,8 respectively, and Surigao Earthquake of November 7, Magnitude 6,8), giving the impression that the swarm resulted from crustal or magmatic movement in the volcano, following what could be considered as part of the crustal readjustment process in the region.

In the investigation conducted on November 21-30, 19 local tremors of varying magnitudes were recorded (A temporary seismograph was installed 4.5 km from the volcano during the period). Of these, 4 were perceptible. All the tremors resembled deep volcanic earthquakes with S-P measured at about 1.0 sec. MOUNT RAGANGLocation:Northern Mindanao/Lanao and CotobatoLatitude:7 41.2'NLongtitude:124" 31.8'EHeight from S.L.:2815 mType of Volcano:Strato-volcanoKnown Eruption:1756, 1834, 1840, 1856, 1858,

1865, 1871, 1873, 1915, 1916Type of Activity:Explosive with lava flowMain Rock Type:

This volcano occupies the northeast end of a series of relatively young volcanic cones in the boundary of the provinces of Lanao and Cotobato. The eruptive vent is rimmed by three peaks with a deep hollow at the center. From the southeast of this crater, a flow of jagged lava radiates to about one km. All around the cones and craters, product of past eruptions are scattered in the order of their size: boulder near the cones and the cinders, lapilli, and ashes farther away. The numerous jets of sulfurous vapors from vents in the crater and along one of the cones serve as evidence of the volcano's past activity. A thick column of steam rising from the fissure was reported in 1916 by Capt. G.O. Fort, P.C. The scorched and burnt trees at the southeastern sector seem to indicate a strong blast of hot gases in the quite recent past, probably that of the 1915 eruption.

Other eruptions of Ragang took place in 1834, on January 20-April 5, 1840, on November 1, 1856, on February 18, 1858, in 1865, shortly before December 8, 1871 and on January 16-April 1873.

Showers from the volcano, particularly during the 1840 eruption,were reported to have reached as far as 95 km west and 480 km northwest of Mindanao. MOUNT HIBOK-HIBOKLOCATION:Northern Mindanao/CamiguinLatitude:9 12'NLongtitude:124 40.5'EHEIGHT FROM S.L.:Hibok-Hibok-1330 m; Vulcan -TYPE OF VOLCANO:Compound volcano appropriately a dome.KNOWN ERUPTIONS:Hibok-Hibok - 1827, 1862, 1897,

1902, 1948-1953

Vulcan - 1871, 1874TYPE OF ACTIVITY:Pelean, Dome building with nuee ardente.MAIN ROCK TYPE:Olivine-bearing andesite & dacite

Hibok-Hibok volcano, also called Catarman, has a summit formed of loose ejectamenta. It has several craterlets at or near its crest, some representing shallow lakes. The present crateral area at the northeast slope facing Mambajao was mined for sulfur before the volcano's activity in 1948. Rock is normal andesite with augite, little hypersthene and olivine. Plagioclase is oligoclase with little labradorite. Some lavas contain horn blende.

The first recorded eruption of Hibok-Hibok ocurred in 1827. This was followed by similar activity in 1862. Both eruptions caused destruction to arable lands.

In January 1871, earthquakes and subterranean rumbling sounds disturbed the north end of Camiguin island. Landslides and fissuring destroyed trees and plantations. When the swarm of earthquake ceased in April of the same year, an explosion followed accompanied by a shower of rocks, dust, and ashes. Destruction was complete within a radius of 3 km from the new vent. The eruption continued for a week, and a volcanic dome called Vulcan began to form 3.5 km from the general area of Hibok-Hibok. After four years of activity, the adventive lava dome reached a height of 457 m with a base nearly 1.5 km in diameter.

Vulcan is quiet at present and appears to have been unaffected by the activity of the adjacent Hibok-Hibok. Vulcan's activity has been limited to emission of small amounts of steam from crevices at the top of the dome.

In 1897, the area occupied by the present dome of Hibok-Hibok emitted white sulfurous vapors which ruined agricultural lands. Solfataric activity continued up to 1902 when a thunder storm occurred around the volcano and a new solfataric vent formed opposite the crest. Frequent subterranean sounds were noted during the activity which lasted for 8 to 10 days.

The last activity of Hibok-Hibok started in August 1948, with a series of earth tremors. The landslides and earthquakes were climaxed by the crateral outburst in September 1953, Hibok-Hibok has been in more or less continuous activity punctuated by eruptive phases.

In every few years of activity, Hibok-Hibok seems to follow a cycle of behavior consisting of :

1. A short period of smoke emission from the crater and avalanche of volcanic materials with or without accompanying tremors;
2. Explosions or steam blasts with emission of heavy clouds of steam, ashes and other fragmentary volcanic materials
3. Disorging of incandescent materials and emission of ash and smoke in large quantities; and
4. Decrease in amount of smoke and other ejecta from the crater.

Cold and hot mud flows, or lahars, had developed, especially after heavy rains, so that now they pose another hazard to inhabitants living near the drainage channels of the volcano.

"The New Republic" After the establishment of the Philippine Independence in 1946, the problems of land tenure remained. These became worst in certain areas. Thus the Congress of the Philippines revised the tenancy law.

President Manuel Roxas (1946-1948) enacted the following laws:

• Republic Act No. 34 -- Established the 70-30 sharing arrangements and regulating share-tenancy contracts.

• Republic Act No. 55 -- Provided for a more effective safeguard against arbitrary ejectment of tenants.

• Executive Order No. 355 issued on October 23, 1950 -- Replaced the National Land Settlement Administration with Land Settlement Development Corporation (LASEDECO) which takes over the responsibilities of the Agricultural Machinery Equipment Corporation and the Rice and Corn Production Administration.

President Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957) enacted the following laws:

• Republic Act No. 1160 of 1954 -- Abolished the LASEDECO and established the National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) to resettle dissidents and landless farmers. It was particularly aimed at rebel returnees providing home lots and farmlands in Palawan and Mindanao.

• Republic Act No. 1199 (Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954) -- governed the relationship between landowners and tenant farmers by organizing share-tenancy and leasehold system. The law provided the security of tenure of tenants. It also created the Court of Agrarian Relations.

• Republic Act No. 1400 (Land Reform Act of 1955) -- Created the Land Tenure Administration (LTA) which was responsible for the acquisition and distribution of large tenanted rice and corn lands over 200 hectares for individuals and 600 hectares for corporations.

• Republic Act No. 821 (Creation of Agricultural Credit Cooperative Financing Administration) -- Provided small farmers and share tenants loans with low interest rates of six to eight percent.

President Carlos P. Garcia (1957-1961)

Continued the program of President Ramon Magsaysay. No new legislation passed.

President Diosdado Macapagal (1961-1965) enacted the following law:

• Republic Act No. 3844 of August 8, 1963 (Agricultural Land Reform Code) -- Abolished share tenancy, institutionalized leasehold, set retention limit at 75 hectares, invested rights of preemption and redemption for tenant farmers, provided for an administrative machinery for implementation, institutionalized a judicial system of agrarian cases, incorporated extension, marketing and supervised credit system of services of farmer beneficiaries.

The RA was hailed as one that would emancipate Filipino farmers from the bondage of tenancy.

President Ferdinand Marcos (1965-1986). Proclamation No. 1081 on September 21, 1972 ushered the Period of the New Society. Five days after the proclamation of Martial Law, the entire country was proclaimed a land reform area and simultaneously the Agrarian Reform Program was decreed.

President Marcos enacted the following laws:

• Republic Act No. 6389, (Code of Agrarian Reform) and RA No. 6390 of 1971 -- Created the Department of Agrarian Reform and the Agrarian Reform Special Account Fund. It strengthen the position of farmers and expanded the scope of agrarian reform.

• Presidential Decree No. 2, September 26, 1972 -- Declared the country under land reform program. It enjoined all agencies and offices of the government to extend full cooperation and assistance to the DAR. It also activated the Agrarian Reform Coordinating Council

• Presidential Decree No. 27, October 21, 1972 -- Restricted land reform scope to tenanted rice and corn lands and set the retention limit at 7 hectares.

President Corazon C. Aquino (1986-1992)

The Constitution ratified by the Filipino people during the administration of President Corazon C. Aquino provides under Section 21 under Article II that "The State shall promote comprehensive rural development and agrarian reform."

On June 10, 1988, former President Corazon C. Aquino signed into law Republic Act No. 6657 or otherwise known as the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL). The law became effective on June 15, 1988.

Subsequently, four Presidential issuances were released in July 1987 after 48 nationwide consultations before the actual law was enacted.

President Corazon C. Aquino enacted the following laws:

• Executive Order No. 228, July 16, 1987 - Declared full ownership to qualified farmer-beneficiaries covered by PD 27. It also determined the value remaining unvalued rice and corn lands subject of PD 27 and provided for the manner of payment by the FBs and mode of compensation to landowners.

• Executive Order No. 229, July 22, 1987 - Provided mechanism for the implementation of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP).

• Proclamation No. 131, July 22, 1987 - Instituted the CARP as a major program of the government. It provided for a special fund known as the Agrarian Reform Fund (ARF), with an initial amount of Php50 billion to cover the estimated cost of the program from 1987-1992.

• Executive Order No. 129-A, July 26, 1987 - streamlined and expanded the power and operations of the DAR.

• Republic Act No. 6657, June 10, 1988 (Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law) - An act which became effective June 15, 1988 and instituted a comprehensive agrarian reform program to promote social justice and industrialization providing the mechanism for its implementation and for other purposes. This law is still the one being implemented at present.

• Executive Order No. 405, June 14, 1990 - Vested in the Land Bank of the Philippines the responsibility to determine land valuation and compensation for all lands covered by CARP.

• Executive Order No. 407, June 14, 1990 - Accelerated the acquisition and distribution of agricultural lands, pasture lands, fishponds, agro-forestry lands and other lands of the public domain suitable for agriculture.

President Fidel V. Ramos (1992-1998) When President Fidel V. Ramos formally took over in 1992, his administration came face to face with publics who have lost confidence in the agrarian reform program. His administration committed to the vision "Fairer, faster and more meaningful implementation of the Agrarian Reform Program.

President Fidel V. Ramos enacted the following laws:

• Republic Act No. 7881, 1995 - Amended certain provisions of RA 6657 and exempted fishponds and prawns from the coverage of CARP.

• Republic Act No. 7905, 1995 - Strengthened the implementation of the CARP.

• Executive Order No. 363, 1997 - Limits the type of lands that may be converted by setting conditions under which limits the type of lands that may be converted by setting conditions under which specific categories of agricultural land are either absolutely non-negotiable for conversion or highly restricted for conversion.

• Republic Act No. 8435, 1997 (Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act AFMA) - Plugged the legal loopholes in land use conversion.

• Republic Act 8532, 1998 (Agrarian Reform Fund Bill) - Provided an additional Php50 billion for CARP and extended its implementation for another 10 years.

President Joseph E. Estrada (1998-2000) "ERAP PARA SA MAHIRAP'. This was the battle cry that endeared President Joseph Estrada and made him very popular during the 1998 presidential election.

President Joseph E. Estrada initiated the enactment of the following law:

• Executive Order N0. 151, September 1999 (Farmer's Trust Fund) - Allowed the voluntary consolidation of small farm operation into medium and large scale integrated enterprise that can access long-term capital.

During his administration, President Estrada launched the Magkabalikat Para sa Kaunlarang Agraryo or MAGKASAKA. The DAR forged into joint ventures with private investors into agrarian sector to make FBs competitive.

However, the Estrada Administration was short lived. The masses who put him into office demanded for his ouster.

President Gloria Macapacal-Arroyo (2000-present) The agrarian reform program under the Arroyo administration is anchored on the vision "To make the countryside economically viable for the Filipino family by building partnership and promoting social equity and new economic opportunities towards lasting peace and sustainable rural development."

• Land Tenure Improvement - DAR will remain vigorous in implementing land acquisition and distribution component of CARP. The DAR will improve land tenure system through land distribution and leasehold.

• Provision of Support Services - CARP not only involves the distribution of lands but also included package of support services which includes: credit assistance, extension services, irrigation facilities, roads and bridges, marketing facilities and training and technical support programs.

• Infrastrucre Projects - DAR will transform the agrarian reform communities (ARCs), an area focused and integrated delivery of support services, into rural economic zones that will help in the creation of job opportunities in the countryside.

• KALAHI ARZone - The KALAHI Agrarian Reform (KAR) Zones were also launched. These zones consists of one or more municipalities with concentration of ARC population to achieve greater agro-productivity.

• Agrarian Justice - To help clear the backlog of agrarian cases, DAR will hire more paralegal officers to support undermanned adjudicatory boards and introduce quota system to compel adjudicators to work faster on agrarian reform cases. DAR will respect the rights of both farmers and landowners.

In the Philippines the weather her is mostly hot.

During June-August it is the raining season.

During the summer ( March-May ) it is VERY hot.

This year of summer we had not much water because of how strong the Sun is.