Political Theory

6 years

It wasn't, but they did turn there corresponding countries into world powers (for about 10 years.)

it's a very long process and complicated. First there's an idea. If 3/5 of congress aproves the idea it goes to president, if president signs it than it becomes a law. But if President doesn't sign and sends it back to congress... Congress again has to get 3/5 vote and than it becomes a law without president's approval.

Hope it help. From PvtNinja.

Most liberal democracies are organized as a representative republic (some are constitutional monarchies), where citizens vote in contested elections (i.e. where two more more meaningfully different persons in the contest) for representatives, who have actual powers to alter current laws in the country and bring about reforms (either more liberal or more conservative). Human Rights are generally protected, especially individual rights such as freedoms of speech and freedom from arbitrary arrest.

Liberal democracies include:

Argentina, Australia, Barbados, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guyana, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Jamaica, Japan, Kiribati, South Korea, Lesotho, Lithuania, Mali, Mexico, Micronesia, Mongolia, Namibia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Palau, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sao Tome & Principe, Senegal, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Suriname, Sweden, Taiwan, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia (if the recent election is indicative), Turkey, Tuvalu, United Kingdom, United States of America, and Uruguay

Constitutionalism is the ideology of following the Constitution by the word regardless of what it says and supporting it. Democracy is the form of government that relies on the majority vote of the population. Democracy can be expressed in direct and representative forms.

it rose because of the glorious Soviet liberators it fell for all the satellite countries and independent communist countries fell with the Soviet union or counterrevolution

Reapportionment refers to the proportional redistribution of representation in a legislative body. In the United States, this responsibility falls on the Reapportionment and Redistricting Committee in Congress.

England, France, Belgium, Spain, Portugal, Russia, Turkey, and to a lesser extent, Germany and Italy :)

The term "fascist" derives from the Italian fascism of Benito Mussolini, to mean conservative, authoritarian nationalism, which implied that his movement was also xenophobic and anti-communist. The term was applied to Naziism under Adolf Hitler, and to Francisco Franco of Spain (where the civil war preceded World War II) and to the earlier presidency of Argentina's Jose Uriburu.

the most important UN contribution is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, it sets a worldwide standard for basic social, political, and economic rights. included are the right to life, liberty, and security. also stated are the rights to equal protection under the law, free movement, and free association and assembly with other people. social and economic rights were also added.

America's fear played a major role in the cold war.

see with our fear we tried to prevent what our fears would become,

such as we were afraid that a nuclear war was going to start, or the communists

would take over the world. so in turn we tried to prevent that by fighting the spread of communism even to the extent of the Vietnam war and making tensions very high

between us and the soviet union.

Italy, during the 1920s. It soon spread, and throughout the 1930s and 1940s several countries adopted their own unique forms of it (Such as National Socialism in Germany and Falangism in Spain).

Eisenhower subscribed , at least in part, to the domino theory, which asserted the Communists were a monolithic organization , dedicated to world domination and that if not checked, nation after nation would fall to communist revolutions until all the world was under Communist control.

The Americans who wanted to break free of the British Crown. Your question doesn't make much sense, though.

The Mayflower Compact was the first example of self-government in the British colonies.

It is a multiparty democracy under a constitutional monarch.

Constitutionally, Canada is a British-styled parliamentary democracy, a 'confederation' of 10 provinces and 3 territories, with a 'constitutional monarch' as head-of-state. Canada's "ceremonial" head-of-state is shared in common with The United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand and other Commonwealth countries. Since one person, presently Queen Elizabeth II of Canada, cannot be in all countries at once, a Goveror-General is appointed, technically by The Monarch though at the recomendation of the Prime Minister of Canada. The Governor-General resides in Canada, at a residence in Ottawa, near the parliament buildings.

Canada has two Houses of governance, The House of Commons (or legislature) and The Senate. It also has a Supreme Court. Since its "Confederation" in 1867 , Canada has possessed a written Constitution, modified on occasion since then, most recently in 1982.

Executive Authority in Canada is "real" (i.e. "non-ceremonial"), executed by the leader of the House of Commons, the 'Prime Minister' (or PM), in the name of the monarch. The PM is generally leader of the political party winning either the majority of seats ('majority parliament') or largest number of seats (minority parliament) to the House of Commons ('parliament') during a federal election, much as occurs in the UK and most other Commonwealth countries. Parliamentarians are elected to a seat in "The Commons" on a first-past-the-post basis; in Canada "ridings" map to parliamentary seats, much as 'electoral districts' or a 'constituency' might in other democracies. The PM is appointed "party-leader" by his or her political party alone; before assuming power as PM, however, the leader must first be elected to a seat in the HoC .

The PM appoints to his/her 'Cabinet' "ministers" who head the various federal governmental departments, called "ministries". Generally, these ministers are elected to a riding in the HoC before being appointed to Cabinet; in exceptional cases they may be appointed from The Senate. Ministries control federal jurisdictions as are defined by The Canadian Constitution.

Unlike Britain's second house of governance, "The House of Lords", the Canadian Senate is not hereditary; though the same word 'Senate' is used both in Canada and the US, function and structure differ significantly in each country. Canadian senators are appointed by the Prime Minister in the maner of Supreme Court judges, in accordance with a rough "rep-by-pop" formulation, having been successfully vetted by a "Commons Committee". The Canadian Senate can, in principle, but generally does not introduce legislation, just as it can but generally does not veto bills; its convention is to review legislation introduced in the House of Commons, providing 'sober second thought' on legislative proposals. Furthermore, Senators are frequently used to populate or coordinate investigations ("committees"), either on behalf of the Government or of the Government. Senate reform is a fequent topic of discussion in Canada: some would abolish The Senate altogether; others would replace "rep-by-pop" with a fixed number of senatorial seats per province; others would replace the current appointment mechanism with elections.

The usual process for introducing federal legislation is: 1st reading: House of Commons; review by the Senate; 2nd reading HoC; review by Senate; 3rd Reading and final approval by HoC; presentation to head-of-state for signature (generally, the Governor-General). Of late, legislation has sometimes been referred during its formulation to the Supreme Court for comment during its formulation through the two Houses.

Canada's Supreme Court functions largely in the manner of The US Supreme Court. Its principle role is to weigh judgments in the context of the Canadian Constitution; originally framed at the time of Confederation 1867, the Constitution was updated most recently in 1982 . The Canadian Constitution defines the political jurisdictions of the federal and provincial governments, and enshrines individual rights through its 'Charter of Rights'. Canadian Supreme Court judges are named by The PM but vetted by committee before assuming office.

Each of Canada's 10 provinces and 3 territories has its own elected parliament; they are structured and functioning in a manner that strongly parallels the federal system. Each province has its own ceremonial head-of-state, for example, "The Lieutenant Governor" (pronounced "leff-tenant"); while executive executive authority is exercised by a "Premier", who is both leader of a provincial political party and elected to represent a provincial 'riding' before assuming office. The Constitution defines provincial jurisdictions (distinct from federal jurisdictions), and the premiers appoint ministers to head their respective provincial ministries to govern those jurisdictions. Provinces do not have Senates, so provincial Ministers are chosen from persons elected to a seat in the provincial "House" or "Legislature" during a provincial election . Provincial legislative "due process", absent any senate review, is similar to federal, new "bills" becoming law once the Lieutenant-Governor signs them into law.

political costs - are costs that groups external to the firm might be able to impose on the firm as a result of political actions

for example if a firm records high profits this might be used as an excuse for trade unions or lobby groups to take action for an increase in a share of that profit ie higher wages. therefore firms may adop income-decreacing accounting methods (watts and zimmerman (1978 p 115).

another example that may incur political costs may be envirnmental - such as polution and "carbon footprints". disclosured made by a firm in relation to there positive or negative impacts on their physical envirnment may also be a technique to reduce any political costs.

political cost theory thefore can also explain why many firms adop voluntary social and environmental discloures in there annual reports.

References:

Craig Deegan, "Australian Financial Accounting" , 2008, 5th edition, McGraw-Hill Australia, NSW.

Watts, R. L & Zimmerman, J.L,"towards a positive theory of the determination of accounting standards" The Accounting Review, January 1978, pp 112-34.

No, it is perhaps more liberal than Mississippi, Texas or Oklahoma and you rarely see any facist movements among its residents in modern society, but to paint it red would be a gross injustice to its Citizens.

Democracy is in many ways an unsatisfactory form of government, and it often leads to bad results, but nonetheless, it is the best form of government that we have been able to devise so far; all the other are worse.