Public Speaking

Rather than say 'talk to you again', you can say:

• Goodbye - a perfectly good way to end a conversation, especially formal communications.
• Thank you for your time, goodbye. - formal
• I appreciate your time. - formal
• This information has been very helpful. Thank-you, goodbye. - formal
• Bye - to end a personal conversation.
• until later - personal conversation
• Talk to you later - personal
• Catch you later (or... tomorrow, next week) - personal
• We'll be in touch - personal, or a close business colleague

He was so arrogant and conceited that it had never even occurred to him that she might spurn his romantic advances.

When he saw her angrily spurn a homeless man's request for a cigarette, he began to wonder whether the kindness she normally displayed was sincere, or just for show.

Problems in Learning English for Pakistani StudentsEnglish is an international language and we (Pakistanis) have been learning it since the birth of Pakistan. We opened many institutions to learn English. We blame our education system. We blame our teachers. We pass metric and learn how to translate Urdu into English but we can't speak English in daily life. On asking we say that our teachers did not teach us how to speak English, we blame our teachers courageously and learn same English again in intermediate but can't speak English yet. On asking answer is the same. Who is at fault; Our teachers or students?

Our students are at fault. After passing a class we never try to read our books. Same case is after intermediate. I don't say that we should be a good English speaker. We become the student of B.A after spending 12 years in learning English. After 5th we start learning parts of speech and tenses and up to 12th we keep learning. But after getting the honor to be a student of B.A we can't define parts of speech except Noun, Pronoun,and Verb. In the seven years we bought many helping and grammar books to learn the same tenses which we are taught in schools. If our teachers don't teach us how to speak English then helping books are also unable to teach us English. The books which we are taught in especially (Punjab text book) or Oxford book I don't think that after studying them thoroughly we can't speak even broken English. But the problem that after passing a class our books become the part of either old book shop or shelves. If we ignore a human being for sometime, he becomes angry then what about these non living things. Another problem that we (Pakistanis) wait for readymade bread, we ourselves never try to do something so we buy helping books. After 12th we join institutes for language course but those who could not learn English and speak in 7 years, how can they learn and speak in 3 or 6 months. Spoken English environment, latest electronic teaching methods etc are just excuses. Thomas Edison was rejected by teachers but he did what he wanted to do and we blame our teachers.

Another thing that we have to take interest in English, because the thing in which we have no interest, how can we learn it. We take interest according to our desire, it means that it must be our desire to learn and speak English. I think Oxford Dictionary has more than 70% grammar structure in itself but only for those who are curious. There are many examples in our country (Pakistan) who wanted to learn English, they learned and spoke by only strong determination. Just by bringing about our determination we can learn and speak English. Now who is at fault our teachers or students? I leave it onto you.

There are several limitations of planning. Some of them are inherit in the process of planning like rigidity and other arise due to shortcoming of the techniques of planning and in the planners themselves.

1. Rigidity

   1. Planning has tendency to make administration inflexible.
   2. Planning implies prior determination of policies, procedures and programmes and a strict adherence to them in all circumstances.
   3. There is no scope for individual freedom.
   4. The development of employees is highly doubted because of which management might have faced lot of difficulties in future.
   5. Planning therefore introduces inelasticity and discourages individual initiative and experimentation.

2. Misdirected Planning

   1. Planning may be used to serve individual interests rather than the interest of the enterprise.
   2. Attempts can be made to influence setting of objectives, formulation of plans and programmes to suit ones own requirement rather than that of whole organization.
   3. Machinery of planning can never be freed of bias. Every planner has his own likes, dislikes, preferences, attitudes and interests which is reflected in planning.

3. Time consuming

   1. Planning is a time consuming process because it involves collection of information, it's analysis and interpretation thereof. This entire process takes a lot of time specially where there are a number of alternatives available.
   2. Therefore planning is not suitable during emergency or crisis when quick decisions are required.

4. Probability in planning

   1. Planning is based on forecasts which are mere estimates about future.
   2. These estimates may prove to be inexact due to the uncertainty of future.
   3. Any change in the anticipated situation may render plans ineffective.
   4. Plans do not always reflect real situations inspite of the sophisticated techniques of forecasting because future is unpredictable.
   5. Thus, excessive reliance on plans may prove to be fatal.

5. False sense of security

   1. Elaborate planning may create a false sense of security to the effect that everything is taken for granted.
   2. Managers assume that as long as they work as per plans, it is satisfactory.
   3. Therefore they fail to take up timely actions and an opportunity is lost.
   4. Employees are more concerned about fulfillment of plan performance rather than any kind of change.

6. Expensive

   1. Collection, analysis and evaluation of different information, facts and alternatives involves a lot of expense in terms of time, effort and money
   2. According to Koontz and O'Donell, ' Expenses on planning should never exceed the estimated benefits from planning. '

1. Political Climate- Change of government from Congress to some other political party, etc.
2. Labour Union- Strikes, lockouts, agitations.
3. Technological changes- Modern techniques and equipments, computerization.
4. Policies of competitors- Eg. Policies of Coca Cola and Pepsi.
5. Natural Calamities- Earthquakes and floods.
6. Changes in demand and prices- Change in fashion, change in tastes, change in income level, demand falls, price falls, etc.

Public Forum debate is a team debate. Rounds begin with a coin toss. The winner chooses either which side of the topic they want to debate or the order in which they will debate. Speeches go in the following order:

• Speaker 1 Constructive 4 minutes
• Speaker 2 Constructive 4 minutes
• Crossfire between 1 and 2 for 3 Minutes
• Speaker 3 Rebuttal 4 minutes
• Speaker 4 Rebuttal 4 minutes
• Crossfire between 3 and 4 for 3 minutes
• Speaker 1 rebuttal 2 minutes
• Speaker 2 rebuttal 2 minutes
• Grand Crossfire with all debaters 3 minutes
• Speaker 3 summary
• Speaker 4 summary

The summaries or final focus of the debate will be 2 minutes or 1 minute, depending on the tournament. No new evidence is allowed to be presented in the final focus. A point must be argued in the speech after it is brought up or it is a drop. Each team has a 2 minute preparation period. Falsifying information is not allowed. Both logical and statistical evidence may be used.