0
Reformation History
The history of The Reformation started when Western European Catholics opposed what they believed to be false doctrines and ecclesiastic malpractice within the Catholic Church. The movement’s famous leaders include Martin Luther and John Calvin.
1,691 Questions
What impact did the Protestant Reformation have on women?
The Protestant Reformation gave women an active role in their religious studies. They were no longer confined to convents and nunneries at the will of the Bishops, but were able to openly read and study the Bible.
What is the Catholic Reformation significance?
from A Catholic Dictionary, edited by Donald Attwater, Second edition, revised 1957
The Counter-Reformation is the name given to the Catholic movement of reform and activity which lasted for about one hundred years from the beginning of the Council of Trent (q.v., 1545), and was the belated answer to the threatening confusion and increasing attacks of the previous years. It was the work principally of the Popes St. Pius V and Gregory XIII and the Council itself in the sphere of authority, of SS. Philip Neri and Charles Borromeo in the reform of the clergy and of life, of St. Ignatius and the Jesuits in apostolic activity of St. Francis Xavier in foreign missions, and of St. Teresa in the purely contemplative life which lies behind them all. But these were not the only names nor was it a movement of a few only; the whole Church emerged from the 15th century purified and revivified. On the other hand, it was a reformation rather than a restoration; the unity of western Christendom was destroyed; the Church militant (those still on earth) led by the Company of Jesus adopted offence as the best means of defence and, though she gained as much as she lost in some sense, the Church did not recover the exercise of her former spiritual supremacy in actuality.
from
Modern Catholic Dictionary by John A. Hardon, S.J. Doubleday & Co., Inc. Garden City, NY 1980
A period of Catholic revival from 1522 to about 1648, better know as the Catholic Reform. It was an effort to stem the tide of Protestantism by genuine reform within the Catholic Church. There were political movements pressured by civil rules, and ecclesiastical movements carried out by churchmen in an attempt to restore genuine Catholic life by establishing new religious orders such as the Society of Jesus and restoring old orders to their original observances, such as the Carmelites under St. Teresa of Avila (1515-98). The main factors responsible for the Counter Reformation, however, were the papacy and the council of Trent (1545-63). Among church leaders St. Charles Borromeo (1538-84), Archbishop of Milan, enforced the reforms decreed by the council, and St. Francis de Sales of Geneva (1567-1622) spent his best energies in restoring genuine Catholic doctrine and piety. Among civil rulers sponsoring the needed reform were Philip II of Spain (1527-98) and Mary Tudor (1516-58), his wife, in England. Unfortunately this aspect of the reformation led to embitterment between England and Scotland, England and Spain, Poland and Sweden, and to almost two centuries of religious wars. As a result of the Counter Reformation, the Catholic Church became stronger in her institutional structure, more dedicated to the work of evangelization, and more influential in world affairs.
Which French group was granted religious freedom through the Edict of Nantes?
The Protestants in France also known as the Huguenots or Calvinists.
What regions of Europe stayed Catholic after the Reformation?
The southern and western parts: France, Portugal, Spain, Austria, southern Germany, Italy, etc. Also Ireland remained predominately Catholic, although technically protestant as it was overun by the English at the time.
What were the causes and results of the Reformation?
One of the long term causes of the Reformation Movement was corruption in the Church. The thing about papal indulgences was part of it. The Roman Catholic Church considered Mary to be like a deity since Pope Pius the 9th. When you see references to an "immaculate birth," it is not the birth of Christ in question, but the birth of Mary. She supposedly was so flawless that she had so much goodness left over. So when someone sins, they could supposedly borrow some of her righteousness. Now, do you see the possibility of a scam in this? All you would have to do in that environment is to sell "sin passes." So do what you want, and if the Church doesn't like it, you buy a sin pass from them. That is basically what papal indulgences were all about. This notion of purchasing righteousness made the Church seem like a joke.
Another part of the Reformation was when people got tired of not having a Bible in their own language. Supposedly, that was only the domain of learned scholars who were ordained into the clergy, and the common people had to take their word for it. The people wanted to read and study for themselves. The Church basically had some of the translators killed. Wycliffe was one of those. He translated a lot and was put to death for it. However, King James later ordered that the Bible be translated into English, and Wycliffe's previous work made up a large portion of the final work.
Who was king of Italy in 1600?
Octavian Augustus Caesar was the first one to openly set himself up as ruler, though he called himself First Citizen to avoid the knives Julius Caesar attracted by making himself Dictator for Life. The Romans didn't take to kings after expelling them 500 years earlier.
Who protested practices of the Catholic Church?
protestants which were led by Martin Luther
.
Catholic AnswerPeople who were Catholic and protested the Church are called heretics, and there have been quite a lot of them in the last two millennium. The Catholic Church is nearly two thousand years old, there have been untold heresies which were religious movement against the Church in that time. A short list of the "Great Heresies":The Circumcisers (1st century)
Gnosticism (1st and 2nd centuries)
Montanism (late 2nd century)
Savellianism (early 3rd century)
Arianism (4th century)
Pelagianism (5th century)
Semi-Pelagianism (5th century)
Nestorianism (5th century)
Monophysitism (5th century)
Iconoclasm (7th and 8th centuries)
Catharism (11th century)
Protestantism (16th century)
Jansenism (17th century)
What was Martin Luther's opinion of Book of James and Hebrews?
In general, he didn't seem to care too much for most of what Peter, James, and John wrote. He referred to James as the "epistle of straw", and didn't care too much for Hebrews. It seems that his main reason for wanting to delete James was that it is the only place in scripture where "faith" and "alone" appear in the same verse, and James dares to teach the opposite of what Luther was trying to teach: namely, that we are saved by "faith alone" (sola fide). Though he purported to also teach the new idea of "sola scriptura", his abuse of the scriptures of his day, along with some of his other writings and teachings, show that he tended to believe far more in his own ideas than all that he found in Holy Scripture.
When did Henry VIII break from the Catholic Church?
Henry VIII of England broke from the Catholic Church in 1534 when the Act of Supremacy was passed which declared that the King of England was "the only Supreme Head in Earth of the Church of England". The Treasons Act 1534 declared it to be high treason (punishable by death) to refuse to acknowledge the King as such.
What is Long Term Causes of the protestant reformation?
.
Catholic AnswerThe main causes of the Catholic Reform were 1) sin and 2) the protestant revolt. The protestant revolt was also caused by sin.What was the date that Luther wrote his theses?
Martin Luther nailed his 95 theses to the church door on Oct. 31, 1517. He started them in 1517 after the sale of Indulgences to the members of his Church he became angered by the false promises they made. So he penned the Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences (95 theses).
What month day and year Martin Luther nailed the 95 theses to the church door?
Unfortunately, we can never be quite sure of what happened 500 years ago, but it is common Lutheran belief that he did thus on 'mid years day' which commonly referred to as one of the four following dates:
- 15th June
- 16th June
- 21st June
- 25th June
Anonymous.
Why did Martin Luther gain support from the common people?
Because people could see that he told the truth about the church and church practices(eg indulgences). Salvation is by faith it is not something that cane be bought - which was what was happening at that time.
What led to the decision to start the protests in Birmingham?
Americans were shocked by the methods used to protect segregation.
Who ordered the church to sell indulgences?
No pope ever authorized the sale of indulgences, that would be simony, and a very serious sin. Indulgences were always issued for good works, accompanied by prayer for the Pope, Sacramental confession, and Sacramental Communion. Up until the protestant revolt, one of those good works used to include almsgiving, but due to issues back then, that has been discontinued.
How did rationalism affect the Catholic Church?
Rationalism as defined by Attwater in A Catholic Dictionary: Rationalism: " The error of those who reject all revelation and give assent to nothing but what can be attained by the natural power of their reason." Rationalism is a heresy, which had some effect on the heresy of Modernism, and particularly on the Deists. It affected the Church primarily through Modernism, which has been particularly prevalent since the Second Vatican Council.
What were 3 abuses of the Catholic Church as identified by Martin Luther in his 95 theses?
Well, to start off with, there is no "Roman Catholic Church." It's just Catholic, not Roman Catholic. Roman is an epithet first commonly used in England after the protestant revolt to describe the Catholic Church. It is never used by the official Catholic Church.
.
Secondly, the Catholic Church is just about twenty centuries old at this point, and in all those centuries, as the Catholic Church is composed entirely of sinners, saving Our Blessed Lord, and His Mother, there have been many abuses over the centuries, and they always seem to lead to criticisms, which in, and of, itself is a sin as bad as the abuses, in many cases.
.
Therefore to give an adequate answer to your question, you are going to have to narrow it down to a particular century or part of a century, and perhaps a continent, so as to receive a meaningful answer. I get the feeling that you are not looking for a complete explanation of the Donatist heresy in the early fourth century, but you might be. There are whole volumes written about each "abuse" and each "criticism", so you are going to have to be a whole lot more precise with your question.
When did Henry create the Church of England?
Henry did not create the Church of England. The provenance of that Church is deep in history, but it has been said that S.Simon Zelotes, the ,'brother,' of Christ brought the faith and Aristobulos, a friend of S.Paul was the first Bishop in Britain!
S.Dorotheus of Tyre. Synopsi de Apostol. 9.
What was the movement to correct problems in the catholic church that begun in the 1500s called?
This was the Council of Trent, which was held at various times in a twenty-year period during the mid-1500's.
Is there any historian record Jesus birth and life other than bible authors?
Beside the tomb which is empty, and the place of Calvary , are all historical sgns that Jesus was a real person.
AnswerRegarding the census mentioned in Luke 2:2, the context of which has been included, there is a good deal of different lines of evidence, some of which are outlined below after the Bible context: Luke 2:1-8 (King James Version)1And it came to pass in those days, that there went out a decree from Caesar Augustus that all the world should be taxed.2(And this taxing was first made when Cyrenius was governor of Syria.)
3And all went to be taxed, every one into his own city.
4And Joseph also went up from Galilee, out of the city of Nazareth, into Judaea, unto the city of David, which is called Bethlehem; (because he was of the house and lineage of David:)
5To be taxed with Mary his espoused wife, being great with child.
6And so it was, that, while they were there, the days were accomplished that she should be delivered.
7And she brought forth her firstborn son, and wrapped him in swaddling clothes, and laid him in a manger; because there was no room for them in the inn.
8And there were in the same country shepherds abiding in the field, keeping watch over their flock by night.
It used to be thought that because there was no evidence supporting Luke's reference in Luke 2 v 2 to the taxing and to Cyrenius being Governor at this time, it therefore did not occur. However, as with many other Bible events, evidence has been found that such taxings occurred every 14 years, reference to the specific taxing involved and that Cyrenius was indeed twice Governor of Syria.
Thus Luke's reference to this as the first taxing is particularly apt, since it is known that Cyrenius oversaw, with great trouble the second taxing around 10 years later. In fact, some consider that the reason Cyrenius was entrusted with the second taxing was due to his involvement with the first.
The discovery of evidence regarding the first Governorship of Cyrenius also resolves the apparent contradiction between the date of the death of Herod and Cyrenius' (also known as Quirinius) second term of office some ten years later.
Evidence Regarding Herod's Death
Since Luke has provided a number of historical 'anchors', it is possible to state with certainty that Jesus was not born after 4 BC. Herod the great is known to have died around the time of a lunar eclipse which can be fixed by astronomers at 12-13 March in the year 4 BC. The census mentioned above was due in 8 BC but was delayed due to political strife between Herod and Rome. Jesus was obviously born in this time period before Herod's death.
Evidence from a 'Hostile Witness'
Julian 'the apostate' born in 331 AD was so called since, even though he was raised as a Christian, he renounced and became an enemy of Christianity when he came to the imperial throne as Emperor in the year 361. As Emperor he had access to all the imperial records and so wrote in a defiant tone when speaking of the enrolment of Mary and Joseph at Bethlehem, as it is mentioned in Luke 2 above.
"There is absolutely no known record of evidence that Jesus was "enrolled as one of Caesar's subjects," unless it was at the time which Julian affirms. He says : "Jesus, whom you celebrate, was one of Caesar's subjects. If you dispute it, I will prove it.....for yourselves allow that he was enrolled by his father and mother at the time of Cyrenius." (Lardner, Works, 7:626-27) as quoted from Merril F Unger, The New Unger's Bible Dictionary,Moody, Chicago 1988. p. 231.
Evidence from Patristic Sources
The references to the works of Justin Martyr and Tertullian are relevant in that they appeal to the records of the Romans. Such were evidently still extant at the time, and so could have and would have been gladly used by the opponents of Christianity at the time.
Justin Martyr (born 105 AD) says: "Now there is a village in the land of the Jews, thirty five stadia from Jerusalem, in which Christ was born, as you can ascertain also from the registries of the taxing under Quirinius your first procurator in Judea." (First Apology, chapter 34.)
The context was Justin defending the Christians from persecution by the government. He is most unlikely to appeal to their own records if they did not exist or contradicted his account and so thus giving them a further reason for accusation against the Christians.
Tertullian (born 160 AD) in similar context of defense also appeals to the Romans own records. In referring to the same enrollment event Tertullian says:
"There is historical proof that at this very time a census had been taken in Judea by Sentius Saturninus, which might have satisfied their inquiry respecting the family and descent of Christ." (Marcion 4.19).
With respect to Luke's reference, it must be pointed out that Luke refers to the timing of the census, not who carried it out. Although, of course, it is likely that Cyrenius was involved in the census where he had jurisdiction.
Answer:Flavious Josephus-Antiquities 18:63; Josephus comments on Jesus' character, crucifixion, and resurrection. " At this time there was a wise man called Jesus, and his conduct was good, and he was known to be virtuous. Many people among the Jews and the other nations became his disciples. Pilate condemned him to be crucified and to die. But those who had become his disciples did not abandon his discipleship. They reported that he had appeared to them three days after his resurrection and that he was alive. Accordingly, he was perhaps the Messiah, concerning whom the prophets have reported wonders, and the tribe of the Christians, so named after him, has not disappeared to this day."
What is the Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation?
In the Eucharist (Holy Communion), in taking of bread and wine, it is believed that it turns to human flesh and blood in the mouth, though not apparently having the implication of cannibalism.
How did monarchs gain power during the reformation?
i would have to say that the strides that were made during the renaissance and in particular the age of exploration really allowed them to dominate...
The competition between the various other european nations forced them to excell past the level of countries like india and china who were not enlightened during these times
and guns helped a lot...
