Biochemistry

Blank solutions are prepared to account for any potential interference or contamination that may affect the accuracy of the experimental results. They provide a baseline measurement to which experimental samples can be compared, helping to ensure that any observed changes are due to the analyte of interest and not other factors.

A codon is made up of three nucleotides, or three letters (A, C, G, or T) in the genetic code. Each codon codes for a specific amino acid in a protein sequence.

Growth hormone is water soluble. It is a protein hormone that circulates in the blood and interacts with cell surface receptors to exert its effects on growth and metabolism.

The enzyme found in malunggay stem is likely to be cellulase. Cellulase is responsible for breaking down cellulose, a structural component of plant cell walls, into simpler sugars that the plant can then use as a source of energy.

1. Why are enzymes important in the nourishment of life? According to Johnson, 2012 pg. 42 §, 3) "As one example, the reason we can digest glycogen and starch is that we posses specific enzymes that break the chemical bonds between the glucose monosaccharide's in these molecules." Enzymes make it easy for certain chemical reactions to happen, while singularly or in a group (Johnson, 2012). Other enzymes break down molecules for certain reasons, such as homeostasis the temperature of the body (Johnson, 2012). We need enzymes for biochemical reactions and without these processes (biochemical reactions) would work slowly to even sustain life this is why enzymes are important in the nourishment of life (Johnson, 2012).

Keratin is a protein. Specifically, it is the protein that makes up your hair.

Carrier RNA is used in DNA isolation to help precipitate and recover DNA more efficiently. It acts as a carrier for the DNA during precipitation, helping to aggregate the DNA molecules together for ease of isolation. This improves DNA recovery and purity during the isolation process.

The DNA sequence encodes the sequence of amino acids in a protein, which in turn determines the protein's structure and function. The specific sequence of amino acids determines how the protein folds into its three-dimensional structure, which ultimately determines its function in the body. Any changes in the DNA sequence can result in alterations to the protein structure and function, leading to potential health consequences.

If an organism has too many chromosomes (polyploidy), it can disrupt normal development and lead to genetic disorders or even be fatal. If an organism has too few chromosomes (aneuploidy), it can also cause developmental abnormalities, reproductive issues, and health problems. Both situations can lead to infertility or decreased viability of the organism.

Cellulase is an enzyme made up of a complex of proteins that helps break down cellulose, a polysaccharide found in plant cell walls. It is produced by certain fungi, bacteria, and protozoans and is essential for the digestion of cellulose-rich materials.

The separation technique, magnetic separation is used to separate a solid-solid mixture. But WHAT IS A SOLID-SOLID MIXTURE ? It is a mixture made up of solids that are physically combined. Like..

SULFUR &IRON FILLINGS

The iron fillings are magnetic. That is why a magnet is used to separate the mixture. Want to know how?

Here are the steps !

1. Grab a magnet and hold it above the mixture to attract the iron fillings.

2. Gather the extracted iron fillings in another container.

3. Use the magnet again on the newly gathered iron fillings in the container to ensure that we obtain pure iron fillings only.

4. And woila ! We've separated the mixture !

What have we obtained ?

When the magnet was moved through the mixture, it attracted the iron filling but not the sand. This is how magnetic separation is used to separate mixtures.

Magnetic separation is also used in the real world.

REFLECTION !

I think magnetic separation is a very handy technique ! Imagine accidentally mixing iodine and sand. Everyones first reaction would be 'Oh no! How on earth am I to separate these now? Might as well buy a new one.' . But with this technique, we can separate the mixture faster than you can say butterscotch !

A beta particle is an electron or a positron, with a charge of -1 or +1, and a mass of about 1/1836 of a proton. An alpha particle, on the other hand is a helium nucleus, with a charge of +2, and a mass of two protons and two neutrons. The beta particle has more penetration ability than the alpha particle, but the alpha particle is more biologically dangerous when in close proximity to sensitive tissue, such as when inhaled into the lungs.

In essence, the biochemical evidence for common descent is simply a specific set of examples of the same principle that all biological evidence for common descent adheres to: nested hierarchies. The same nested hierarchies that demonstrate common ancestry in comparative genomics, comparative morphology and developmental biology, also demonstrate common ancestry in our metabolic pathways and other chemical molecules and processes in our cells.

Glucokinase is the enzyme responsible for phosphorylation of glucose in the first step of glycolysis. The glucokinase complex is modified by two different molecules: citrate and ATP. Citrate and ATP are both products of the sequence of reactions in aerobic respiration and are consequently products of glycolysis. As these two molecules' concentrations in the cell build up, they bind to the allosteric site of glucokinase and shut it down.

Yes serine is a polar amino acid as it has an hydroxyl group (OH-) attached to the r group.

No. First of all, the name maltase indicates that the enzyme breaks down maltose. Maltose is a disaccharide composed of two glucose monomers. Cellulose is an entirely different polysaccharide, composed of many monomers of beta glucose. Second, very few organisms have the ability to hydrolyze cellulose. In most organisms including humans, cellulose passes through our digestive tract without changing chemically. This is what we call "fiber". Even though we can get no nutrients from it, cellulose is good for the muscles lining the small intestine.

The sodium-potassium pump is an active pump working against an electrochemical gradient, and cuts ATP to ADP with every transfer of sodium and potassium across acell membrane.

Most motor proteins are also ATPases, requiring the lysing of ATP with each "movement" of the motor protein in order to function. This is actually the cause ofrigor mortis; although ATP is not needed to cause the muscle's motor proteins to constrict, it is required to allow them to slide past one another into the resting state once more. As death halts respiration, and thus ATP creation, the muscles can become rigid, but cannot relax again (not until other decay processes simply cause these proteins to decay altogether).

The hydrogen-potassium pump that regulates acidity of the stomach contents is also an ATPase.

The adrenal medulla secretes adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine), which are hormones involved in the body's response to stress and the "fight or flight" response. These hormones help regulate heart rate, blood pressure, and glucose metabolism.

Glucose and galactose react to form lactose, a disaccharide composed of one glucose molecule and one galactose molecule, along with a molecule of water. This reaction is a condensation reaction, where a water molecule is removed to form the new compound lactose.

No, a quadrillion transistors is not approximately the same as the number of neurons in the human brain, because the neurons can make multiple connections to other neurons. Also, it is more than just a "number of bits" in the brain - it is chemistry, meaning that it is more analog than digital - and it is (in some schools of thought) spiritual and/or quantum or sub atomic.

Orlistat is one chemical that can inhibit the activity of enzyme lipase. Higher version of orlistat which is only available through prescription is Xenicol. There are several enzymes that break down fat molecules in our food so it can be used/stored in our body. Certain drugs resist the activity of those enzymes and fat is passed through the system unabsorbed.

RNA polymerase.... What a wonderful, uplifting speech she gave at the convocation memorial service at Va Taech the day after the shootings there.

She raised the spirits of both the students and the staff along with those of the world.

She gave hope to the hopeless of the world and raised every single person involved with Va Tech to the highest of all highs.

Va Tech is indeed lucky to have her as one of their professors.

I hope and pray that they all recover from this horrible tragedy and with staff like her, the students will prevail!

Go Hokies! Go Hokies!