Biochemistry

Barbara McClintock's discoveries in genetics, particularly her work on transposable elements in maize, revolutionized our understanding of genetic regulation and genome dynamics. Her research laid the foundation for modern concepts of gene regulation and epigenetics. This has had a profound impact on fields such as agriculture, medicine, and evolutionary biology.

Viruses are not considered living organisms because they cannot carry out essential life processes on their own, such as reproduction and metabolism. They require a host cell to replicate and cannot exist independently. Therefore, they are not classified within traditional biological classification systems like kingdoms.

Hydrophobic substances repel water and do not mix well with it due to their non-polar nature, while hydrophilic substances attract and bond with water molecules due to their polar nature. Hydrophobic substances tend to be nonpolar and often include oils and fats, while hydrophilic substances tend to be polar and include salts and sugars.

Budding is a type of asexual reproduction where a new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud on the parent organism. This results in genetically identical individuals and is common in simple organisms like yeast, hydra, and some plants.

The four types of nucleotides that make up DNA are named for their nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). Each nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, a sugar molecule (deoxyribose in DNA), and one of these four nitrogenous bases.

It has a molecular weight of 21,600 Daltons

When an egg is placed into sparkling water, the carbon dioxide bubbles in the water adhere to the surface of the egg, creating a fizzy layer around it. This can create a fizzy appearance as the bubbles cling to the eggshell. However, it does not have any significant impact on the egg itself.

There are actually 5 steps of mitosis -

Steps

1: the nucleus disappears and chromosomes start to appear.

2: the chromosomes make copies of themselves.

3:the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.

4:the chromosomes split and are pulled to both ends of the cell.

5:the cell splits.

Deoxyribose, C5H10O4. The sugar in RNA, ribose, has the chemical formula C5H10O5.

The minimum free energy of an RNA structure can be calculated using computational algorithms such as Mfold or ViennaRNA. These algorithms predict the most stable secondary structure of an RNA molecule based on thermodynamic parameters, such as base pairing and loop energies. The structure with the lowest free energy is considered the most stable and likely to occur in nature.

Ammonia is used for refrigeration in an absorption type plant use for large cold stores. The ammonia is not the refrigerant itself, this is usually water, but as means of absorbing the water vapour and returning it as a liquid to the start of the cycle. Unlike a conventional fridge that uses a compressor to do this. The advantages of ammonia cycle plants are that they have no moving parts and can be built to any size. The motive power for the system can be any source of heat which separates the water and the ammonia at the cycle start.

It is caused by instability of nucleus which depends upon proton-neutron ratio and cross sectional area if nucleus.

Myxedema in adults is caused by deficiency of thyroid hormone, specifically thyroxine (T4), and to a lesser extent, triiodothyronine (T3). This deficiency leads to slowing of body functions, resulting in symptoms like dry skin, hair loss, and puffiness of the face and hands.

ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate, which is a molecule that stores and transfers energy within cells. It plays a crucial role in various biological processes, including metabolism and cellular respiration.

RNA is Ribonucleic Acid, so I suppose the R stands for "Ribo". This refers to the type of sugar found in the acid's backbone (Ribose).

The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, occurs in the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotic cells. This cycle is an important step in cellular respiration, where acetyl-CoA is oxidized to produce ATP, NADH, and FADH2.

Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are key molecules that regulate the cell cycle. Cyclins bind to CDKs, activating them and promoting progression through the different stages of the cell cycle. Their levels fluctuate throughout the cell cycle, helping to coordinate the timing of events such as DNA replication and cell division.

Genetics is the science of heredity, dealing with the resemblances and differences of related subjects. For example, the differences between twins, father and son, Father and grandparents - the interaction of the genes and the environment in which they live

Chloroplasts are a cellular organelle that is unique to plant cells. Chloroplasts are responsible for photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy.

nuclear membrane is like football central court, nucleos is like officall. endoplasmic reticulum is around the nuclear mambrane so we can say that endoplasmic reticulum is like football audience

None of these. Vitamins are generally compounds of various elements

A person obsessed with water may be referred to as a "hydrophile" or "hydrophilic."

The nucleus is the largest organelle of the cell. It is a dense body containing chromosomes, surrounded by a nuclear membrane. The nucleus can be seen as a dark oval shape under a light microscope.

The theoretical number of different proteins that can be made from 50 amino acids is 20^50, which equals approximately 1.13 x 10^65. This calculation is based on the fact that there are 20 different amino acids that can be used in protein synthesis and each position in a protein sequence can be occupied by any one of these 20 amino acids.

Plant cells gain glucose by absorbing water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight and then through the chemical reaction photosynthesis make the glucose.

Animal cells gain glucose by taking in oxygen and sugars containing the glucose made by plants.