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Construction
Construction is an industry which builds structures.
1,073 Questions
What time frame did the US make the first paved road?
Roads were formed in the following order:
- mud foot paths made by Native American hunting parties, usually along ridges up to end of 1700s
- mud tracks in towns and on people's properties, no wider than 1 wagon
- First Stone road in Eastern Pennsylvania - Forbes Road - was constructed in 1758 from Carlisle, Pennsylvania, to the French Fort Duquesne
- hay or other grains and even clothing fabrics thrown on muddy tracks
- broken rocks laid on muddy tracks
- "reddog" laid on muddy tracks - reddog is formed from burning coal at high temperatures, creating a sturdy "rock" with red to maroon coloring - from 1800s to 1970s or longer
- after oil was drilled in wells (late 1800s), they could make petroleum products such as automobile tires, early 1900s
- They could heat tar and spray it on roads, then apply a layer of gravel. This method is still in use.
- From learning to heat tar, they could make mounds of heated, gooey asphalt which was manually shoved and applied to a road bed after grading. Rolling and compression was done manually. Asphalt started being used after WWII. But it was more expensive than heated tar liquid and gravel preparations.
- Cement poured roads came in with making highways and toll roads, about 1965-69. Example: I-76 in PA
- However, even today, they still use asphalt patching. Rural areas still use tar and gravel which is cheaper for townships to maintain their roads. Coal produced reddog for roadways lessened after coal works closed down.
- Typically, you can tell what roads are state maintained (cement with asphalt patches), versus town (asphalt paved), versus rural or township (tar and gavel, or asphalt as a special expenditure).
What materials were used in the Colossium construction?
The materials used in the construction of the Colosseum were concrete, tufa stone, marble and wood.
How do you build a Anderson shelter step by step?
An "Anderson shelter" was a corrugated iron hut built underground in people's gardens in the UK during WW2 as a defense against an air attack.
According to Wikipedia: "Anderson shelters were designed to accommodate up to six people. The main principle of protection was based on curved and straight galvanised corrugated steel panels. Six curved panels were bolted together at the top, so forming the main body of the shelter, three straight sheets on either side, and two more straight panels were fixed to each end, one containing the door-a total of fourteen panels."
To read more about this shelter -- as well as other modes of personal security during times of war -- see the Related Link.
What is the Difference Between Strict Construction and Loose Construction?
Loose construction-means that the federal government can take reasonable actions that the constitution does not specifically forbid
Strict construction- people who favor strict constitution think that that federal government should do only what the constitution specifically says it can do The Loose Construction Theory is when federalists interpret the Constitution into things that are in favor of a stronger national government. There are limitations involved.
What is statutory construction?
Statutory interpretation is the process by which courts interpret and apply legislation. Some amount of interpretation is often necessary when a case involves a statute.
When do you need a building permit?
The question is W-A-Y too broad to be answered. In the US such permits are issued by your local municipality or county and their rules and requirements vary widely. You would have to contact your local government for an answer.
I got this out of my social studies notebook: (not exactly word for word) "loose construction" is when federalists interpert the Constitution into things that are FOR a stronger National Government. by the way federalists are an organized group of people who are in favor of a strong National government.
What is the annual operating budget for the US Congress?
The members of the US Congress, as of January 1, 2008, are paid $169,300 per year. Click on the "Congressional Salaries" link below to read about the history of the salaries of the members of Congress, which started out in 1789 at $6 per day.
the brake down is:
365 days in a year each day they are making $463.84
in a 8hr day they are making $57.98 a hour
it has been 219years they have jumped from $6 a day to $463.84 a day
How you find number of cement bag in one cubic meter?
quantity of cement for M20 in one cubic meter
cement=1440 kg/m3
sand=1700 kg/m3
aggregate= 1600 kg/m3
Lets solve for M20 i.e, 1:1.5:3
1 bag of cement = 50 kg =34.7 litres
=35 litres
i.e, 0.035 m3
(item) (w/c ratio)(water) (cement)(sand)(aggregate)
volume(0.42)(21ltr)(0.035)(0.0525)(0.105)
voids - (0) (0) (0 60%) (40%) (45%)
solidvolume (-) (0.021) (0.014) (0.0315) (0.05775) *sum=0.124
Thus 50 kg of cement gives 0.124 m3 of concrete for M20 at 0.42 w/c ratio.
Hence,
cement required =0.035/0.124 =0.28 m3 i.e, 0.28*1440=403kg
sand required= 0.0525/0.124 =0.42 m3 i.e, 0.42*1700 = 714 kg
similarly aggregate required = 1360 kg
water required = 169 litre
Check: 403+714+1360 = 2477 i.e, density of concrete =2477kg/m3
*NOTE: The quantity of cement, sand, aggregate & water varies with the w/c ratio and the density of materials.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of highway construction?
traffic, gawking, accidents, slows...
What is the maximum retention amount in construction contracts?
Limit of retention is the maximum amount that can be retained in the construction contract. Suppose the retention % is 5% and limit of retention is 10%. On a contract value of Rs100.00. The first claim amounts to Rs20.00. Retention is Rs1.00 and net payment is Rs 19.00
Types of stairs in construction?
According to it's construction, stairs are categorized as follows: 1. Brick Stairs:-
- Brick stairs used for external steps & stairs.
2. Stone Stairs:-
- These are very expensive; and are rarely used.
3. Concrete Stairs:-
- These are widely used in all types of buildings. These are strong, fire resistant and make possible a wide range of forms.
4. Timber Stairs:-
- These are economical & lightweight. Commonly used in domestic buildings.
What is plank and beam construction?
Plank and beam is typically referred to as post and beam. This type of construction is used a large percentage of the time for new home construction. It is used in colder climates more than warmer climates because you have the ability to insulate under the floor of the house. In warmer climates slab floor construction is used more than it would be used in colder climates. There is another type of construction that is used but not as often. It is called the joist system. This is the way Post and Beam construction works. A vertical member (post) is set on concrete pads, about 8 feet apart. The horizontal member(beam) is set on the posts. The spacing between the beams are typically 4 feet apart. The end of the beams are placed in beam pockets that have been designed into the foundation. Then 2"x6" or 2"x8" tongue and grove planks are placed perpendicular on the beams to create the floor. In slab construction you pour a concrete floor between the footing and foundation. A joist system uses 2x material to span between two points and tie into a ledger board using metal hangers. This system is used for decks more often and the 2nd and 3rd floors of homes.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of friction piles in construction?
1) In machines the mechanical parts which rub with each other wear out. 2) Due to friction between the sole of the shoe and the floor the sole wears out. 3) Tyres of vehicles wear out because of friction. 4) Energy is wasted in overcoming the force of friction.
What is principle construction and working of solar cell?
Photovoltaic Cells: Converting Photons to ElectronsThe solar cells that you see on calculators andsatellites are photovoltaic cells or modules (modules are simply a group of cells electrically connected and packaged in one frame). Photovoltaic, as the word implies (photo = light, voltaic = electricity), convert sunlight directly into electricity. Once used almost exclusively in space, photovoltaics are used more and more in less exotic ways. They could even power your house. How do these devices work? Photovoltaic (PV) cells are made of special materials called semiconductors such as silicon, which is currently the most commonly used. Basically, when light strikes the cell, a certain portion of it is absorbed within the semiconductor material. This means that the energy of the absorbed light is transferred to the semiconductor. The energy knocks electrons loose, allowing them to flow freely. PV cells also all have one or more electric fields that act to force electrons freed by light absorption to flow in a certain direction. This flow of electrons is a current, and by placing metal contacts on the top and bottom of the PV cell, we can draw that current off to use externally. For example, the current can power a calculator. This current, together with the cell's voltage (which is a result of its built-in electric field or fields), defines the power (or wattage) that the solar cell can produce. That's the basic process, but there's really much more to it. Let's take a deeper look into one example of a PV cell: the single-crystal silicon cell.
How much metric tones stone aggregates in 1 cubic meter?
The question, as stated, cannot be answered sensibly. A cubic metre is a measure of volume, with dimensions [L3]. A tonne is a measure of mass, with dimensions [M]. The two measure different things and basic dimensional analysis teaches that you cannot convert between measures with different dimensions such as these without additional information.
What is working principle and construction of bridge rectifier?
A full wave bridge rectifier converts AC (Alternating Current) into DC (Direct Current) with an AC component. To achieve DC only, the output of the bridge rectifier must have the AC component removed by bypassing it, usually with capacitors.
It consists of 4 diodes in a bridge format. During one half of an AC cycle, two of the diodes conduct and on the other half a cycle the other two conduct. Diodes allow current to flow in one direction only.
A diagram can be found at http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_6/chpt_5/5.html
What type of foundation is used in the Empire State Building?
The frame is made from structural steel gridels, the outer structures external is lime stone panels. the foundation is reinforced concrete
things
by metal and iron.
it is made out of glass,stone,chamfered corners,radio masts, steel mullions and flush windows.
ah man i hate that miss lange
Why volume batching of concrete is preferred in general construction works?
The reason for workers to prefer volume batching in general construction is that volume batching which involves measuring the volume of the ingredients (cement, coarse and fine aggregates, etc.) is easier, simpler and faster, whereas weigh batching involves tedious work- transporting the mixtures to weighing machines,weighing; if it exceeds the desired amount, it has to be unloaded etc. And moreover labourers at work sites are not technical and hence they tend to ignore complicated processes. If I am at work site I would do the same, though I'm an engineer.
The abbreviation
Fe stands for Ferrous material ie iron from which the reinforcement steel bars are manufactured.
The reinforcement steel bars used in RCC (Reinforced Cement Concrete) are designated as Fe415 or Fe500 depending on their Yield Strength. (The numbers 415 and 500 tell about this Yield Strength in N/mm2 the bars are designed and manufactured to have.)
As per IS : 1786 Yield Stress (also known as 0.2%proof stress) of Fe 500 is 500 N/mm2.
So, Fe500 steel means the reinforcement steel rods (or bars) that can safely withstand an Yield Stress of 500 N/mm2.
Fine grained material used in cement?
The fineness of cement has an important bearing on the rate of hydration and hence on
the rate of gain of strength and also on the rate of evolution of heat. Finer cement offers a
greater surface area for hydration and hence faster the development of strength.
What is Industrial construction?
Industrial construction is building for non residential use, primarily for commerce or business.
