Ancient Greece

The titans were indeed created by 'something'. according to the greek myths, in the beginningwere primordial forces. Accounts may differ , but Chaos is widely accepted as the first. Gaia, the Earth, came next, and Eros and Tartaros may also have sprung into existence at around the same time.

Gaia was the great mother, Earth, who created and then mated with the heavens (Ouranos) and the sea (Pontos).

From her union with Ouranos came the Hecatonchires (hundred-handers: Kottos, Briareos, and Gyes), the three cyclops (Brontes, Sterope, and Arges), and the Titans (Cronus, Rhea, Cruis, Coeus, Phoebe, Oceanus, Tethys, Hyperion, Thea, Iapetus, Mnemosyne, and Themis). The Titan Cronus then killed his father, and then mated with Rhea and created the first Olympian gods (Zeus, Hera, Posiedon, Hades, Demeter, and Hestia). Zeus then killed his father Cronus, battled with the rest of the titans and won. Then Zeus and his wife/sister Hera mated and had the rest of the twelve Olympian gods and others, and they had children etcetera.

Of course they had. Alexander the Great as far as the Macedonia kingdom as a whole, were of Greek origins. Alexander's conquests added a significant glory to the history of the Greeks.

it was built over a few centuries.

One of the keys of civilization is writing. Some historians look at the time before writing as prehistory, and at peoples with organized cultures but without written language as prehistoric civilizations. There were groups of individuals who worked together and formed human networks among other groups all without the benefit of written language. One of the most famous groups of folks are the native Australians, who lived the way they did for something approaching 40,000 years without scrolls or tablets or any written language. A link to the Wikipedia article on prehistory is provided.

Messenia was in the southwest of the Peloponnesian Peninsula in southern Greece. Sparta was to the east. The Spartans decided to extend their territory and moved into Messenia and successfully conquered it. Having taken over the land, they made the population into serfs, that is the serfs farmed the land and turned over half their produce to Sparta, which allowed the Spartans to devote their time to military training and activities, and keeping control of the restive serfs.

Yes.

Athens' democracy consisted mostly of the occasional plebiscite, comparable with today's referendum. Only freeborn male citizens could participate; women were considered mere 'possessions' of their husbands or fathers who had power of even life and death over them. There were no 'democratic' institutions. The plebiscites mentioned above were usually carefully orchestrated. Which was easy, because the ordinary citizens of Athens all were 'clients' of one or another important family to which they were loyalty-bound and who they visited on a regular basis to pay their respects or to ask for favors or protection..

In terms of day-to-day government Athens was an Oligarchy, run by the members of a small group of rich and powerful families. The idea of Athens being the 'cradle of democracy' is largely an invention of 19th century poet Lord Tennyson who in this way (and succesfully) drummed up support from Britain and France for Greece's revolution against its Ottoman overlords.

The city became submerged in the sea, with only some artefacts recovered. We have to rely on the historical record which describes the efforts of the Ptolemies to establish as the city as the main centre of culture, art, learning and and science.

It's rugged mountains, poor soils,rivers, sea coasts separated settling tribes who formed separate independent city-states which defended their independence fiercely, resulting in continuing warfare. Their fecundity and limited arable land resulted in over-population, so the surplus were periodically shipped off to seize land in other locations around the Mediterranean and Black Seas, resulting in over 2,000 independent city-states.

i have no clue

The acropolis was primarily the high ground which provided a defensive fortress,, and also provided temples for the gods and also a repository for assets placed under protection of the gods.

The agora was a meeting ground which also was used as a market, usually surrounded by public buildings.

Ancient Roman writings were not copied by writers in Rome. They were transcribed by monks in monasteries and abbeys dotted around Europe from the 800s and 820s. Charlemagne ordered them to do these transcriptions.

The Athenians valued many different things that we value today, in the 21st century. They valued balance of mind and body. This means people shouldn't only be a good athlete, but they should also be intelligent. If someone was the strongest person in Athens but was not smart, they would not receive the same fame as someone who was balanced intellectually and physically.

It was used to mix wine and water. The Greeks usually diluted their wine, and despised those who drank it straight

They attempted to stabilise the Greek world by bringing the warring city-states under control by installing local Greek tyrants to each city-state, with a Persian provincial governor to oversee them.

The Greek sculptor Polykleito's statue, The Spear Bearer, emphasizes the theory of the ideal mathematical proportions of the human body. Polykleito is considered one of the most important sculptors of Classical antiquity.

Ten years after the Persian defeat at the Battle of Marathon, they planned a better attack. The next landing of the Persians in Greece saw them bring a large and powerful army of infantry and cavalry forces. They also enlisted the aid of hoplites from their Greek allies.The massive Persian cavalry troops well well armed and the Greeks were at a huge disadvantage with virtually no cavalry. The Greeks depended on their heavy infantry and some light infantry as well.

Trade was unavoidably seaborne as there were no motor vehicles, trains or aeroplanes. Being located on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea, they naturally traded their surplus produce and goods by sea for those produced by other peoples which they wanted.

It started in 508 BCE as a limited democracy for landowners, revrted to oligarchy during the Persian War, was reestablished as a full democracy by Ephialtes in 460 BCE, and after his assassination, became a radical democracy under the leadership of Pericles. After Athens' defeat in the Peloponnesian War in 404 BCE it reverted to a limited democracy.

Even with constant wars amogst each other, their fuecudity meant that their sparse agricultural land could not suppost a burgeoning population, so the city-states sent shipped out their surplus populations to sieze new land and establish new city-states, stretching around the Mediterranean and Black Seas.

Each city-state was independent. The people who lived in them were fiercely proud of their homes. These city-states had different kinds of government. A monarch or king might rule some. A family of nobles might rule a few. A few wealthy merchants might rule others. Also, the idea of a government made of representatives chosen by the people took hold in some city-states. The most prominent of these city-states was Athens.

There was no attempt by the over 2,000 independent city-states to unite. The reality was that they each greatly valued their own independence and fought endlessly to maintain it. They united in various and ever-changing groups to oppose other cities and groups. So the struggle was to stay un-united - indepndent, not to be united and be dominated by others in the name of unity.

Philosophy was not invented, it evolved as different people proposed different ideas. Philosophy then included what we today call science.

During its so-called golden age, Athens was rich enough to attract philosophers from around the Greek world - including such examples as Euclid (mathematics), Plato (metaphysics, politics, dialectic), Aristotle (ethics, psychology, five elements, motion, optics), Theophrastus (logic, physics, ethics).

It provided a means of trade, migration and warfare.