Ancient Wars

The Greek fleet attacked the Persian fleet at the Battle of Salamis, which took place in 480 BCE. This naval battle occurred in the straits between the island of Salamis and the Athenian mainland. The Greek forces, led by Themistocles, successfully outmaneuvered the larger Persian fleet, leading to a decisive victory that was crucial in the Greco-Persian Wars.

The Peloponnesian League was primarily made up of city-states in the Peloponnese, including Sparta, Corinth, and Megara, among others. Its members resented Athens due to its growing power and imperial ambitions, especially following the establishment of the Delian League, which Athens dominated. This resentment was fueled by Athens' aggressive expansion, heavy taxation on its allies, and perceived arrogance, leading to tensions that ultimately sparked the Peloponnesian War.

The Battle of Salamis, fought in 480 BCE, was a pivotal naval confrontation during the Greco-Persian Wars. The Greek fleet, under the command of Themistocles, achieved a decisive victory against the larger Persian forces, which significantly weakened Persian naval power and halted their advance into Greece. This victory boosted Greek morale and unity, ultimately leading to further successes in the war, including the decisive Battle of Plataea in 479 BCE. The outcome of Salamis also marked a turning point in the struggle for Greek independence and the preservation of their city-states' autonomy.

In the Battle of Thermopylae, a small force of approximately 300 Spartan warriors, led by King Leonidas, defended against a vastly larger Persian army in 480 BC. Alongside the Spartans, there were also several hundred other Greek allies, but the Spartans were the most notable and committed to the stand. Their bravery and sacrifice have become legendary symbols of courage and resistance against overwhelming odds.

At the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War, the city fathers of Athens became increasingly wary of the teachings of Anaxagoras, which challenged traditional beliefs and promoted a more scientific view of the universe. They accused him of impiety for his ideas, particularly regarding the nature of the divine, and his influence was seen as a threat to the social order. Consequently, Anaxagoras faced persecution, leading him to eventually leave Athens to escape the political climate that turned against him.

The sea battle that helped turn back the Persian invasion was the Battle of Salamis, fought in 480 BCE. It took place in the straits between the island of Salamis and the Athenian mainland. The Greek navy, led by Themistocles, achieved a decisive victory against the larger Persian fleet, significantly weakening Persian naval power and boosting Greek morale during the Greco-Persian Wars.

The Battle of Thermopylae, fought in 480 BCE, played a crucial role in helping the outnumbered Greek army by utilizing the narrow pass of Thermopylae to neutralize the numerical advantage of the Persian forces. The Greek soldiers, particularly the Spartans, were able to hold off the much larger Persian army through superior tactics and the strategic terrain, which limited the effectiveness of the enemy's numbers. This stand provided time for other Greek city-states to organize their defenses and ultimately contributed to the eventual Greek victories at Salamis and Plataea. Additionally, the heroism displayed at Thermopylae galvanized Greek unity against the Persian threat.

The Battle of Thermopylae in 480 BC is considered a glorious defeat because, despite the Persian victory, the valiant stand of a small Greek force, led by King Leonidas and his 300 Spartans, became a symbol of courage and sacrifice against overwhelming odds. Their resistance delayed the Persian advance, allowing other Greek city-states to unite against a common enemy. The battle highlighted the values of honor and patriotism, inspiring future generations to defend freedom against tyranny. Ultimately, the Greeks would go on to win the war, further immortalizing Thermopylae's legacy.

Well, when the Greeks came together to defend Thermopylae against the Persian invasion, it showed them the power of unity and working together towards a common goal. This shared experience helped to break down barriers between the different city-states and foster a sense of solidarity among the Greeks. It laid the foundation for future collaborations and alliances that eventually led to a more unified Greek nation.

A plan for conquering an enemy is typically referred to as a "strategy" or a "battle plan." It involves a systematic approach to achieving victory over the opposing force by utilizing resources effectively, exploiting weaknesses, and anticipating potential obstacles. Developing a comprehensive strategy often involves thorough analysis of the enemy's strengths and vulnerabilities, as well as careful consideration of one's own capabilities and objectives.

The Carthaginian general Hannibal Barca had to cross 2 mountain ranges on his overland route fom Hispania ( modern day Spain ) to Italy. In the spring of 218 B.C., he left his winter camp in north east Spain and crossed the mountains of the Pyrenees. After crossing the Rhone River, his army including the remaining war-elephants, reached the Alps by the autumn of that year. The crossing of the Alps mountain range was arguably the most difficult section of the journey. It is believed that the crossing of the Alps in wintery conditions reduced his Army to almost half the size that had entered Gaul. As many as 20,000 infantry soldiers were lost in the crossing, many of them to the cold.

Augustus created the Roman Empire, transforming the Roman Republic into a monarchy under his rule. He established a system of government that included the Principate, which centralized power in the hands of the emperor while preserving the façade of traditional republican institutions. Augustus also implemented various reforms to stabilize and strengthen the Roman state, such as promoting moral values, initiating public works projects, and fostering economic prosperity.

Hadrian died of heart failure on July 10, AD 138 at his villa in Baiae, Italy. He was 62 years old at the time of his death.

Settling the civil war.

Organising the political structure to avoid a recurrence. Keeping control of the army to avoid ambitious generals rebelling.

Stabilising the borders of the empire.

Promoting prosperity.

The Greeks did not have an army. The Greek world comprised hundreds of independent city states spread around the Mediterranean Sea from Massilia (now Marseilles) through north Africa, Sicily, southern Italy, peninsular Greece, the Aegean Islands, Asia Minor and the Black Sea.

Each city-state maintained its own small army, and from time to time several cities would formed a defensive league.

According to Goldsworthy, the blade of the Roman military dagger or "pugio" varied in length from 9 to 14 inches.

According to Goldsworthy, the blade of the Roman military dagger or "pugio" varied in length from 9 to 14 inches.

According to Goldsworthy, the blade of the Roman military dagger or "pugio" varied in length from 9 to 14 inches.

According to Goldsworthy, the blade of the Roman military dagger or "pugio" varied in length from 9 to 14 inches.

According to Goldsworthy, the blade of the Roman military dagger or "pugio" varied in length from 9 to 14 inches.

According to Goldsworthy, the blade of the Roman military dagger or "pugio" varied in length from 9 to 14 inches.

According to Goldsworthy, the blade of the Roman military dagger or "pugio" varied in length from 9 to 14 inches.

According to Goldsworthy, the blade of the Roman military dagger or "pugio" varied in length from 9 to 14 inches.

According to Goldsworthy, the blade of the Roman military dagger or "pugio" varied in length from 9 to 14 inches.

Our best guess from a modern attempt at duplication is about 50 tonnes.

First north west to The Dardanelles strait, cross over the temporary bridge to Europe, then west through Thrace, Macedonia, and fially south through Thessally, at the southern end of which lay the pass of Thermopylai leading to southern Greece.

As a general rule (there were variations):

Not if they were defending their farms - they turned out to defend their proper.

If they were bent on stealing another city's property, their pay was the spoils of proerty from the defeated.

If they were on an expeditionary force they were paid in order to pay for their food.

Hadrian, the Roman Emperor, died in 138 AD. The exact cause of his death is not entirely clear, but it is believed to have been due to a combination of natural causes such as heart failure or edema. Some historical accounts suggest he may have also had severe health issues towards the end of his life.

There was no Greek war Salamis.

There was a sea battle in which the fleet of the southern Greek cities defeated a Persian-led fleet of warships supplied by its subject territories - Phoenicias, Asian-Greek and Egyptian.

The Trojon horse was built supposedly as a gift to the city they were at war with, to make peace-yea right, there was the hole army hiding inside and when the city was asleep the army came out and burnt the city down, no need to battle because all their army, soldier, and warriers were asleep.

Sparta and Athens were natural allies who provided support to each other - Sparta leading the Dorian bloc of independent city-states, Athens the Ionian bloc, with both interested in maintaining peace.

So when a Persian expedition was sent to subdue Athens in 490 BCE after its interference in the Ionian Revolt against Persia, Athens naturally asked Sparta for support (however Athens had defeated the Persians at Marathon by the time the Spartans arrived). When Persia sent a full scale invasion in 480 BCE, the southern Greek city-states united to repel it under the leadership of Sparta with Athens providing the largest naval component.

They remained friends and allies until 460 BCE, when Athens sent an army to help the Spartans put down a revolt of its serf population. During this campaign they fell out and avoided each other. After the Persians agreed to peace the Athenians turned the Delian League into an empire of its own, became over-adventurous and clashed openly with the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta, resulting in the 27-year Peloponnesian War which Athens lost.