Central Powers

On paper at least, almost all long-term alliances are defensive - and this applied to the Triple Alliance, too. Incidentally, in WW1 Italy fought against the "Triple" Alliance ...

The Gatling Gun was similar to the machine gun in that it could kill multipule people fast.

The Gatling Gun was not the first machine gun, but it was the most practical up to that time. Gatling refused to sell them to the Confederate Army, and the Union Army did not want them, although a few were purchased and used. The US Army and other armies bought them after the war. Actually, the Gatling Gun had little impact in battle. Custer has been criticized for refusing a battery of Gatlings, but he did so because the guns were heavy and slow, and had to be mounted on the same carriage used by the artillery for their cannon. Thirty years later in the Russo-Japanese War, cavalry machine guns were available which could easily be packed on the back of a horse, but these came much too late for Custer. It could be said that the Gatling Gun changed warfare because it was the precursor to later machine guns.plus it was the best gun at it's time got the job done with out a problem.

briefly, yes it did very much effect the Ottoman Empire and became one of the major reasons for its downfall....

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Although the Ottoman Empire is now generally thought of as being a Turkish Empire, the Ottomans identified themselves by language and religion more than by an ethnic identity. Although the Turks made up the largest portion of the population and had been the ones to establish the Empire, they had recognized early on that they would have to assimilate the subject populations and make use of their talents. Many of the most able managers and administrators of the empire were Greek, the merchants and traders were often Armenian, and for centuries the soldiers in its armies and the governors of whole provinces were raised from Christian children captured in the Balkans and raised in the Sultan's palace. The famous Grand Vizier Mehmet Sokollu Pasha was the son of Bosnian parents, and the Sultans themselves were frequently from non-Turkish mothers. All these people thought of themselves as "Ottomans" and most spoke Turkish.

In the 19th century, waves of nationalism swept Europe, with people who had always been the vassals of larger nations or who were part of cobbled together territories began to wish for countries of their own. For example, the people of the many cities and small kingdoms of Italy began to think of themselves as a single people "Italy" and began to think of "Italy" as a country instead of just a geographical expression. This led to the unification of some countries, like Italy or Germany, but caused great conflicts in others, such as the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires.

The Ottomans had never tried to forcibly convert any population to Islam or force any group to give up their language, so in some areas like Arabia and the Balkans there were large groups of subject people who had a different language and faith than their rulers. In some cases, like Serbia and Greece, the people had memories of independent kingdoms from before the Empire. As nationalist passion began to grow, it was encouraged by outside powers like Russia, Germany, and England who sought to unbalance the Empire.

The effects were disastrous for the Ottomans; in the Balkans countries declared and fought for independence and then fought each other over the borders. In trying to hold onto Macedonia the Ottoman inadvertently created the first modern terrorists, the IMRO, and were drawn into bloody and inconclusive battles and became demonized in the Western Press as "bloodthirsty Turks".

The worst situation, however, was in areas of the Ottoman heartland where Turks and other nations lived mixed together. A town which had once been 100% Ottoman and peaceful suddenly found itself a warring camp full of Armenian, Kurdish, Greek, and Arabic people. As it found itself pulled into WWI, the Ottomans were faced with movements among the Arabs, Kurds, and Armenians demanding independence or greater freedom and representation within the Empire.

During this period, the Ottomans committed a genocide against the Armenian people which tarnished the name of the Empire in the eyes of the world and history and still haunts the modern Turkish republic. Although the subject is still extremely controversial in Turkey and the use of the word "genocide" is forbidden by law, the facts are not in dispute by most scholars. The Armenians, an ancient Christian people who had lived in Asia Minor and the Caucasus for millenia, and who were found everywhere in the Empire (often as loyal servants of the Empire), were expelled from their homeland or murdered. Some modern Turkish scholars claim that the Armenian genocide was not intended, but that the Ottoman authorities had simply meant to resettle a population they believed was attempting to help the enemy during war and that the massive deaths were a result of either poor planning, unreliable soldiers, or Armenian resistance. Whether or not this is true, a crime of epic proportions took place.

A less atrocious but equally tragic population transfer took place after the war, when Greece and Turkey struck a devil's bargain to make their countries mono-ethnic, mono-linguistic modern nations. Millions of people were displaced as Turks from Greece (who might never have seen Turkey or spoken a word of Turkish) and Greeks from Turkey (whose ancestors had lived on the Anatolian Coast since pre-History) were forced to change places, leaving homes they had had for generations to go live among strangers. By this time the Ottoman Empire was dead, and the whittled down new country of Turkey, under the democratic and secular leader Ataturk, had just driven out a Greek army intent on annexing the entire extent of the old Byzantine Empire.

The new Turkey was modeled on the successful Western democracies, which meant that it was a secular republic with one language and one nationality. In the end, the Turks themselves had given in to nationalism, although Ataturk famously said that "anyone who speaks Turkish and calls himself a Turk is a Turk". This was much more tolerant than the national creeds in many countries, but even today Turkey has not managed to deal with the vexed issue of the people in its borders who do not want to speak Turkish or call themselves Turks. In the case of the Kurds, the largest ethnic group on earth without its own country, the problem of nationalism is still unsolved.

The alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary dated from 1879 and was the oldest and most firmly based of the European alliances. From the early 1890s onwards many Germans and German-speaking groups in Austria-Hungary subscribed to the concept of 'Mitteleuropa' - that is, a Central Europe under German leadership, a Central Europe expanding (economically, by trade and investment) into the Balkans and Eastern Europe. In the decade 1900-10 Germany came close to making Romania a satellite state, for example. The notion that in 1914 the government of Austria-Hungary behaved foolishly and perhaps 'ought to' have been left in the lurch by Germany shows a fundamental failure to understand the relationship between the two countries. Austria-Hungary was the junior partner in the grandiose 'Central European exercise', and consulted the German government and General Staff closely. Early in the crisis of June/July 1914, the German government gave Austria-Hungary (6 July 1914) a 'blank cheque' to make practically any demands it wished of Serbia. In the event it was the top German military that called the tune. Serbia did in fact accept most of the points in the Austrian ultimatum, and it looked as if the government of Austria-Hungary would accept the Serbian reply. At this point the German General Staff did all in its power to encourage and strengthen the hardliners in Vienna - with results that are well known. All this is well documented: it's NOT some kind of anti-German propaganda. In December 1912 the German General Staff, meeting without any politician present (not even Chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg) had resolved to exploit the next major European crisis to launch a war [of aggression]. This is recorded. Key areas of scholarly debate here include the question of whether this resolution should be taken at face value. One of the reasons for being cautious is that the General Staff didn't do the kind of follow-up work that would normally have followed a decision of this magnitude. The real question is: Why did Austria-Hungary allow itself to be exploited so ruthlessly in 1914? Joncey

Germany played the biggest role to promote the outbreak of World War One. They chose to give full military support to Austro-Hungary when their archduke was assassinated which led to World War One.

America, France, Britain, and Canada began by taking France back, At this time Russia begin to move towards Germany with over whelming numbers or soldiers and tanks, Russia moves into Germany in 1944 and reaches Berlin in 1945. The German made their last stand at Berlin and lost, Hitler shot himself, and the war was over.

They were called the Allies:

The two opposing groups that fought in World War I were the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey) and the Allies, an alliance that grew from the three members of the Triple Entente (Britain and the British Empire, France, and Russia) to incorporate 27 Allied and Associated powers, including Italy and, towards the end of the war, the USA.

Imperialism heightened tensions between European colonial powers by intensifying competition for resources, territories, and influence around the globe. As nations sought to expand their empires, conflicts arose over claims to land and economic advantages, leading to rivalries and diplomatic crises. This scramble for colonies often resulted in military confrontations and alliances that destabilized international relations, ultimately contributing to the outbreak of conflicts such as World War I. The quest for dominance not only strained relations among European powers but also fueled nationalist sentiments in colonized regions, further complicating the geopolitical landscape.

Austria was rightly angered. They issued an ultimatum to Serbia to right the wrongs committed, but the ultimatum was too much for just an assassination. Serbia didn't reply and Russia stepped in to help the small Slavic brother. That move turned the two-nation conflict into a war.

Americans were shocked by the methods used to protect segregation.

Big Bertha When I was a student, I lived in a Methodist Theological College. Principal of the college was Norman Snaith, one of the world's foremost Hebrew scholars. It was Norman who translated the whole of the book of Daniel for the New English Bible. Norman's first degree, however, was neither in Hebrew nor in Theology, but in, of all things, ballistics. He was brilliant at that, too. During the first World War, the French authorities were anxious to pinpoint the location of the gun that was lobbing shells into the suburbs of Paris. Norman was called in, and asked for a map of Paris showing the location of all the shell-bursts so far. From this pattern he was able to tell the French authorities exacty where the gun was located. This piece of artillery was actually a howitzer, and, though the weight of the projectile and its range are a bit overstated, they're close enough. By using the link below, you can get specifics and even see a picture of this field piece.

The assassination of the Crown prince of the Habsburg dynasty, Franz Ferdinand, led to the Austro-Hungarian invasion of Serbia, followed by a Russian declaration of war on Austria-Hungary. Followed by a declaration war by Imperial Germany on the Russian Empire. France wanting to avenge its defeat from the Franco-Prussian War (1871) sided with the Russians and declared war on the German Empire. This thus brought forth the beginning of the First World War.

Just to be a government and to improve their justice within a federal government without the help of people around them and employs people with high attendance of consultant manufactures

you retard....

The armed forces of the United States of America in 2002 numbered 1.41 million on active duty and 1.24 million in the Ready Reserve, a category of participation that allows regular training with pay and extended active duty periods for training. The Standby and Retired Reserve includes about 23,400 experienced officers and NCOs who can be recalled in a national emergency. Membership in all of these forces is voluntary and has been since 1973 when conscription expired as the Vietnam war was winding down. The active duty force includes 196,100 women, who serve in all grades and all occupational specialties except direct ground combat units and some aviation billets.

In the 1990s, the armed forces reduced their personnel numbers and force structure because of the diminished threat of a nuclear war with the former Soviet Union or a major conflict in central Europe. Despite the interlude of the Gulf War, 1990--91, the force reductions continued throughout the decade, forcing some restructuring of the active duty forces, with emphasis on rapid deployment to deter or fight major regional conflicts much like the Gulf War, in Korea, elsewhere in the Middle East, or Latin America (e.g. Cuba). The conventional force debate centered on whether the United States could or should maintain forces to fight two regional conflicts simultaneously. In the spring of 1999, the United States took part in the NATO air campaign in response to the crisis in Kosovo, and the ensuing US participation in peacekeeping operations in the region brought with it the prospect of another long-term overseas deployment.

For the purposes of administration, personnel management, logistics, and training, the traditional four military services in the Department of Defense remain central to strategic planning. The US Army numbers 485,500 (71,400 women) soldiers on active duty, divided roughly between 6 heavy (armored or mechanized) divisions, 4 light (infantry airborne, airmobile) divisions, and three independent infantry battalions as well as three armored cavalry regiments, five aviation brigades, and 11 air defense battalions. Army special operations missions go to Special Forces groups, an airborne ranger regiment, an aviation group, and a psychological warfare group with civil affairs and communications support units. The Army has 7,620 main battle tanks, 6,710 infantry fighting vehicles, 15,910 other tracked vehicles, almost 6,000 towed or self-propelled artillery, some 249 aircraft, and about 4,813 armed and transport helicopters. The Army National Guard (355,900) emphasizes the preparation of combat units up to division size for major regional conflicts while the Army Reserve (358,100) prepares individuals to fill active units or provide combat support or service support/technical/medical units upon mobilization. In addition, the National Guard retains a residual state role in suppressing civil disturbances and providing disaster relief.

The US Navy (385,400; 57,800 women) has shifted from its role in nuclear strategic deterrence and control of sea routes to Europe and Asia to the projection of naval power from the sea. Naval task forces normally combine three combat elements: air, surface, and subsurface. The Navy mans 24 nuclear-powered attack submarines with one configured for special operations; most of these boats can launch cruise missiles at land targets.

Naval aviation is centered on 12 carriers (9 nuclear-powered) and 11 carrier aircraft wings. Including its armed ASW helicopters and armed long-range ASW patrol aircraft---as well as a large fleet of communications and support aircraft---the Navy controls 1,510 aircraft and 506 armed helicopters. Naval aviation reserves provide additional wings for carrier deployment. The surface force includes 27 cruisers (22 with advanced anti-air suites), 54 destroyers, 37 frigates, 42 amphibious ships, 27 mine warfare ships, and 21 patrol and coastal combatants. More ships are kept in ready reserve or are manned by surface line reserve units. The fleet support force also includes specialized ships for global logistics that are not base-dependent.

The Marine Corps, a separate naval service, is organized into three active divisions and three aircraft wings of the Fleet Marine Force, which also include 3 Force Service Support groups. The Marine Corps (173,400; 10,500 women) emphasizes amphibious landings but trains for a wide-range of contingency employments. The marines have 403 main battle tanks, 1,321 amphibious armored vehicles, and about 1,000 towed artillery pieces.

The US Air Force (369,700; 56,400 women) has focused on becoming rapidly deployable rather than US-based. Almost all its aircraft are now dedicated to nonstrategic roles in support of forward deployed ground and naval forces. The Air Force stresses the missions of air superiority and interdiction with complementary operations in electronic warfare and reconnaissance, but it also includes 28 transport squadrons. Air Force personnel manage the US radar and satellite early-warning and intelligence effort. The Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard (roughly 183,100 active reserves) provides a wide range of flying and support units, and its flying squadrons have demonstrated exceptional readiness and combat skills on contingency missions. Air Force reserves, for example, provide the backbone of the air refueling and transport fleets.

The armed forces are deployed in functional unified or specified commands for actual missions. The Strategic Command controls the strategic nuclear deterrence forces: 550 ICMBs, 18 Navy fleet ballistic missile submarines, and 178 operational long-range bombers. These forces have undergone reduction to conform with the START arms limitation treaty of 1991, as amended in 1992, so that by the year 2003 the United States will have only 500 ICMBs, 1,728 SLBMs, and 95 nuclear-armed bombers. Strategic Command is complemented by Space Command/North American Air Defense Command. In 2002 the Treaty of Moscow was signed between the United States and Russia to reduce deployed nuclear weapons by two-thirds by the year 2012. As of 2002, the United States had more than 10,000 operational nuclear warheads.

The conventional forces are assigned to a mix of geographic and functional commands: Atlantic Command, European Command, Central Command, Southern Command, and Pacific Command, as well as Transportation Command and Special Operations Command. The Army also maintains a Forces Command for ground forces in strategic reserve in the United States. Major operational units are deployed to Germany, Korea, and Japan as part of collective security alliances. About one-third of active duty personnel are assigned to overseas billets (1--3 years) or serve in air, naval, and ground units that serve short tours on a rotational basis. Peacekeeping forces are stationed in Bosnia, East Timor, Ethiopia/Eritrea, Georgia, Hungary, Iraq/Kuwait, the Middle East, Tajikstan, Turkey, Uzbekistan, and Yugoslavia. Approximately 7,200 US troops are stationed in Afghanistan with Operation enduring Freedom.

Patterns of defense spending reflect the movement away from Cold War assumptions and confrontation with the former Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China. During the 1980s when defense spending hovered around $300 billion a year and increased roughly 30% over the decade, defense spending absorbed roughly 6% of the gross domestic spending, 25% of federal spending, and 16% of net public spending. In the early 1990s, when the defense budget slipped back to the $250--$260 billion level, the respective percentages were 4.5, 18, and 11, the lowest levels of support for defense since the Korean War (1950). In 1999, the defense budget was $276.7 million or 3.2% of GDP. US military assistance abroad shows similar trends. From 1981 to 1991 the United States sold $118 billion in arms abroad and provided some outright grants, military training, and other support services, most in dollar value to its NATOs allies, Sau'di Arabia, Israel, South Korea, and Japan. This spending also declined in the 1990s.

Cavalry had been in decline on the Battlefield for a very long time before WW1. (As long as the enemy was sophisticated, the British still massacred many at Omdurman as late as 1898) But Crimea, the US Civil War & the Franco-Prussian War of 1870/71 all illustrate the decline of Cavalry. The principal reason for this is simple: The Rifle could hit targets at much greater range than before & a horse is a big target. The same of course applies to the effects of modern Artillery: More power & more accuracy.

countries felt threatned by one another and began to attack and take over one another's territories. Economic, political, and cultural domination of nations by stronger nations contributed to the outbreak of war because it lead to disputes over territory between countries.

In World War I, the Central Powers were Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman empire. They were joined by Bulgaria in 1915. Italy refused to go to war despite the Triple Alliance, and later joined the Allies (the Entente Powers led by Great Britain, France, and Russia).

He wanted to prove that Germany was a great world power.

Four powers of Congress include the impeachment powers of both houses, the power to declare war, and the power to lay and collect taxes. The Senate also has to give its advice and consent to treaties.

Which military is this? The question is categorised under US Army and US Navy, but neither rank exists in any branch of the US military. I mean are they the same rank nd my bad for the catagories in any military I mean

The most important of the expressed presidential powers in the United States is probably the power to veto. A president who passes laws just to agree with Congress is not going to achieve the goals they set forth when running for office.

In Sarajevo.