Civil Engineering

Draycott and BullmenA define structure as:

"an organised combination of connected parts designed to carry loads and provide adequate rigidity."

HuntB in his text book defines structure as:

"the load-carrying part of all natural and man-made forms. It is the part which enables them to stand under their own weight and under the worst conditions of externally applied force."

Bibliography:
A Draycott, T. and Bullmen, P. (2009). Structural Elements Design Manual - Working with Eurocodes. Second Edition, Elsevier Ltd, Oxford.
B Hunt, T. (2003). Tony Hunt's Structures Notebook. Second Edition, Architectural Press, Oxford.

17 she is 81 now. I know beause i went to elementay school with her. P S 226 Alfred Mason School ( he was principal) WE started in 1933 and graduated in 1941.

so that if they calaps the other one will not calaps together

engineers day is celebrated on 15th of september of year in remembrance of our great indian civil engineer "MOKSHAGUNDAM VISVESWARAYYA"...

proud to be an CIVIL ENGINEER.....

Buy the "How Do You Construct A Crane?" Handbook

1/4 " per Foot minimum. At least this is what I get out of "Code Check", ISBN # 1-56158-409-6. There is a lot to plumbing on how pipes are sized, vented and connected. This book is worth getting-I found it on E-bay for less than $10.00.

315 Kg/M3 approx.

A Piling mat is the base or road way which the piling rig will travel on. the design of the piling mat is required to resist the forces from the piling rig during travelling and piling. A piling matt should be constructed of suitable inert material (i.e. not tennis balls).

1. for support of bracing

2. reduce the torsion effect.

3.reduce the slenderness ration

Regard

Ravi

An underground aquifer would provide the best protection against a water shortage caused by drought.

The moment of a beam is twice that for central load vs uniform load for a simple support beam; hence it needs twice the section modulus for sizing; for fixed ends the moment is 50% higher for central load vs uniform load

in special conditions

Hortonsphere is a spherical pressure vessel used to storage compressed gases in liquid+gas stage (Hydrocarbons, Fuel gases etc.). The name "Hortonsphere" is a trademark registered by Chicago Bridge & Iron Company (CBI). "Horton" is in honor to Horace Ebenezer Horton who has funded the CBI company. The first hortonsphere was built in Port Arthur, Texas, in 1923.

You can find more history info in CBI.com

"Precision" is high when you get the SAME answer every time. Accuracy is high, when you get the CORRECT answer. You can hit a target in the same place everytime which is very HIGH precision; however, if that place is not the "Bulls Eye", your accuracy is lousy.

It depends on the required grade of concrete, you need to know the particular grade.

The three grades specify the ratios of Cement : Stone : Sand.

M15 = M150 = 1 : 2 : 4

M20 = M200 = 1 : 1.5 : 3

M25 = M250 = 1 : 1 : 2

As you can see there is always two parts sand to one part stone. Higher grades have more cement. So the ratio of stone to the whole is 2:7, 3:11, and 1:4. The percentages are 28.6%, 27.3%, and 25.0%.

It was designed by lochsa engineer

the efffective length of a beam is the length along the beam at which the beam will fail when a load is acting upon it. This effective length is usually near the centre of the beam as that is where the stresses are the greatest. For example a fat chick jumping up and down on the beam would reduce the effective length dramatically as the loads are semi-constant but ginormous.

Equivalent material e36

Concrete wheel stops are typically pinned into the paving using 18" long 3/4" diameter rebar.

Most construction workers create a "blueprint" in order to plan how to construct the building using mathematics and precise sketching. However, many sketch artists also use math to draw buildings by measuring each side perfectly and using perspective to make the drawing in 3-D format.

just go to wikipedia.com and look for "Bosphorus Bridge" (that's what its realy called)

If the flag was placed by Utiility personnel responding to a "One-call" locate request, the blue flag indicates a buried water line. You see these marked when a contractor calls the "Call before you dig number" a couple of days prior to excavating. This is required by law in each state to reduce the likelihood of damaging underground utilities when excavating. The standard color code used by almost all utility companies for painting & flags is: White - "Here is the area I plan on excavating!" Blue - water line Red -electicity Yellow -natural gas Green -sewer Orange -telephone and/or fiberoptic line If the blue flagging was a fuzzy blue marker nailed to the top of a wood surveyor's stake, then it probably serves to indicate the top of the grade at which the engineer wants the earthmoving equipment to place fill dirt. These are called "blue-top" stakes. edit: I was always taught that a "blue-top" was a stake that the surveyor did not want disturbed (as opposed to other temporary stakes that might be moved, taken out, destroyed by site activities). In fact, my surveying instructor joked that he always carried a blue-top with him when hiking. If he got lost, he'd pound it in to the ground and then wait a few minutes and follow out the heavy equipment that came in to knock down the blue-top stake.

The Roman Empire built large systems of waterworks to both supply water and remove sewage from their cities, unfortunately Roman sewers usually just emptied into the nearest river polluting it.

It was not until the middle to late 1800s that Europe again created similar systems for handling sewage and not until the early 1900s that the addition of sewage treatment plants became common to minimize the pollution of the rivers the sewage was being dumped into.