Civil Engineering

The Romans developed and deployed a wide-ranging system of aqueducts to transport water from distant places right into their homes. We can still see remnants of this mighty architectural achievement throughout the now defunct "Roman Empire" Those overhead water transport systems were so efficient that it was possible to construct another mighty architectural achievement, the elaborate sewage/waste transports (underground) away from populated areas and the convenient community baths every Roman citizen could enjoy. Their contributions to modern plumbing cannot be overemphasized.

Aqueducts are built in areas where you have a bunch of motivated end users (like a town or group of farmers) at a low elevation in need of a more reliable source of water located somewhere fairly nearby at a higher elevation. The aqueduct builders construct a series of canals, elevated channels, and tunnels as required to get the water from the source to the end users.

Some good examples:

1) Roman engineers built aqueducts throughout Italy and France from mountain water sources to serve city dwellers

2) Water-needy Southern California cities and farms are served by an aqueduct that brings them water from sources in Northern California

3) new York City is supplied by an aqueduct and tunnel system from sources upstate.

4) Inca farmers in coastal valleys built irrigation aqueducts from sources higher up in the Andies

5) Native American cultures in Phoenix area built irrigation canal systems that diverted water from sources at higher elevations to irrigate their crops.

How to build an aqueduct? Find an elevated source of water. Divert it to a channel. Extend the channel from the source to where you want the water to be used. Keep the new channel flowing at a very slight slope downward towards the end user. Make the route as direct as possible, to minimize the length of the channel. Follow topographic contours where possible so you don't have to lose elevation too quickly. If you come to a valley, you may have to build an elevated channel across the valley. If you come to a hill, you'll either have to go around it or through it with a tunnel. Build some sort of storage reservoir at the top and bottom of the aqueduct, if possible, to allow a constant flow. Put control structures within the system as required to control for excessive or flood-related flows. Build a distribution network at the bottom of the system to get water to individual fields and residences. Seal the sides and bottom of the aqueduct to reduce losses, where possible. Build an army to protect the system from invading Goths and random terrorists. Build a visitor's center to brag about your foresight. Erect a few stellae in honor of yourself. Have a big bar-b-que on opening day.

Quarry dust, also known as crushed sand, is often used as an alternative to natural sand in various construction applications, making it a type of artificial sand.

Quarry dust is produced as a byproduct during the crushing process of rocks in quarries. It consists of fine particles that are similar in size and shape to natural sand particles.

FTM Machinery artificial sand presents the particle size distribution of quarry dust can be controlled during the crushing process, allowing for the production of a consistent particle size range. This makes it suitable for concrete production.

A shear core, often referred to as a shear wall core or a core wall, is a structural element used in tall buildings and other structures to provide lateral stability and resistance against lateral forces such as wind and seismic loads. It plays a crucial role in ensuring the overall stability and safety of the structure, especially in high-rise buildings. The primary purpose of a shear core is to:

1. **Provide Lateral Load Resistance**: Tall buildings are subjected to various lateral forces, such as wind blowing against the side of the building or ground motion during an earthquake. These lateral forces can induce swaying or twisting motions in the structure, which can be dangerous if not controlled. The shear core acts as a vertical "backbone" that resists these lateral forces, preventing excessive movement and maintaining the building's stability.

2. **Minimize Building Sway**: Buildings are designed to sway to some extent in response to lateral forces. However, excessive sway can lead to discomfort for occupants and potential damage to non-structural elements. The shear core limits the extent of this sway, creating a more comfortable environment for occupants.

3. **Distribute Lateral Loads**: In a tall building, the shear core is strategically placed at or near the center of the building's footprint. This allows it to evenly distribute lateral loads throughout the structure, ensuring that the entire building works cohesively to resist these forces.

4. **Reduce Torsional Motion**: Lateral forces can induce torsional (twisting) motion in a building. The shear core's stiffness and rigidity help counteract torsional motion, maintaining the building's overall stability and preventing irregular movements that could be harmful.

5. **Enhance Structural Integrity**: The shear core is usually constructed with reinforced concrete or other high-strength materials, making it one of the most robust parts of the building's structural system. Its strength enhances the overall structural integrity of the building.

6. **Allow for Open Floor Plans**: By providing the necessary lateral stability, the shear core allows for more flexibility in the design of the building's interior spaces. Open floor plans and large windows can be achieved without compromising safety.

7. **Centralize Building Services**: The shear core often houses utilities, elevators, stairs, and other building services. This centralization helps create efficient circulation and access throughout the building.

8. **Simplify Construction**: Designing a shear core that extends throughout the height of the building can simplify the construction process, as a consistent element can be repeated across multiple floors.

In essence, the shear core is a fundamental component of a tall building's structural system, ensuring that the structure can withstand lateral forces and maintain its stability during various environmental conditions. It's a critical element in modern skyscraper design and plays a significant role in ensuring the safety and functionality of these complex structures.

A raft foundation, also known as a mat foundation, is a type of shallow foundation that is used in construction to distribute the weight of a building or structure evenly across a large area of soil. It is typically used when the soil's load-bearing capacity is relatively low, or when the building's loads are heavy and spread over a wide footprint. Here are some reasons why a raft foundation might be used:

1. **Uniform Load Distribution**: Raft foundations are designed to distribute the load of a building uniformly over a larger area of soil. This helps prevent localized settlement that could occur with point loads or strip foundations.

2. **Poor Soil Conditions**: If the soil at a construction site has low bearing capacity, meaning it can't support heavy loads without excessive settlement or deformation, a raft foundation can help distribute the loads over a larger area, reducing the pressure on the soil.

3. **Variability in Soil**: In some cases, the soil properties might vary across the construction site. A raft foundation can help mitigate the effects of differential settlement, where one part of the building's foundation settles more than another due to varying soil conditions.

4. **Heavily Loaded Structures**: Raft foundations are commonly used for buildings with heavy loads, such as multistory buildings, warehouses, or industrial facilities. The broad contact area with the soil helps prevent excessive stress on the ground.

5. **Reduced Foundation Depth**: Raft foundations are shallow foundations, meaning they are located closer to the ground surface compared to deep foundations like piles or caissons. This can save excavation costs and make construction more efficient.

6. **Economical Solution**: In some cases, a raft foundation might be more cost-effective compared to using deep foundations, especially when the structure's loads are spread out over a large area.

7. **Stability in Poor Soil**: If the soil has a potential for lateral movement (such as in areas with high groundwater or seismic activity), a raft foundation can provide stability by distributing lateral forces over a larger area.

8. **Preventing Differential Settlement**: In situations where multiple structures are built close to each other, a raft foundation can help prevent differential settlement that might occur if different structures have different foundation systems.

It's important to note that while raft foundations offer several advantages, they might not be suitable for all construction scenarios. Factors such as soil type, building loads, local climate, groundwater levels, and structural design will all influence whether a raft foundation is the appropriate choice. Engineering professionals, including structural and geotechnical engineers, play a crucial role in determining the most suitable foundation type for a specific project based on site conditions and building requirements.

A truss bridges are designed using materials that are connected in a manner to be stressed under tension and/or compression. I truss system can be designed to be as long as necessary. Columns are also used in truss desins to reduce deflections.

You may not need to, but learning more about anything will make your a better employee and more employable.

Well, assuming that you are talking about headlights, the low beams are the dimmest settings for the drive headlights, while high beams are the brightest setting.

I've been asked this question by one of my students, too, so I googled around a liitle bit. There are several universities offering a "mathematical engineer" study, many of them in Southern America, some of them in Europe. The following links show the course curriculum of a univerity in Medellín, Colombia: http://www.eafit.edu.co/EafitCn/English/AcademicPrograms/Undergraduate/ScienceAndHumanitiesSchool/MathematicalEngineering/course.htm and of one in Milan, Italy: http://www1.mate.polimi.it/IM/index.php?pp=show_pagine&id_art=95&c=151&ar=1&cate=4&L=i±=menu Since 2004 the German army's university in Munich offers a a "mathematical engineer" study,too, and seems to have remodelled the course curriculum recently; it's in German, but you'll get the idea: http://www.unibw.de/eit1_1/me/studieninhalte/me_studieninhalt I've been asked this question by one of my students, too, so I googled around a liitle bit. There are several universities offering a "mathematical engineer" study, many of them in Southern America, some of them in Europe. The following links show the course curriculum of a university in Medellín, Colombia: http://www.eafit.edu.co/EafitCn/English/AcademicPrograms/Undergraduate/ScienceAndHumanitiesSchool/MathematicalEngineering/course.htm and of one in Milan, Italy: http://www1.mate.polimi.it/IM/index.php?pp=show_pagine&id_art=95&c=151&ar=1&cate=4&L=i±=menu Since 2004 the German army's university in Munich offers a a "mathematical engineer" study, too, and seems to have remodelled the course curriculum recently; it's in German, but you'll get the idea: http://www.unibw.de/eit1_1/me/studieninhalte/me_studieninhalt

Bloody Indians only gets desi daru and chalu chinal ..

Calculate the volume first by multiplying the cross sectional area with length.

Multiply the volume with density of mild steel which will give the weight.

The density of Mild steel is 7850 kg/ m3

e.g

Calculate the weight of 2 m rod having cross sectional area of 5 m2

Volume = 2x5 = 10 m3

Weight = 10 x 7850 = 78500 kg

Be specific that same units are used all around the calculations.

The flexural strength of M35 concrete typically ranges from 4.5 to 6.0 MPa (megapascals). This strength is influenced by the concrete's mix design, curing conditions, and the quality of materials used. M35 is a medium-grade concrete, primarily used in structural applications like beams and slabs. Always refer to specific testing or standards for precise values in a given context.

You should see the catalog company from out of steel alloys used in steel.

The amount of rebar in a cubic meter of concrete can vary depending on the design specifications of the concrete structure. Typically, rebar makes up around 1-2% of the total volume of concrete, so in a cubic meter of concrete, there may be around 20-40 kilograms of rebar.

If one loop ends before the next begins then they are not nested at all -- they are completely independent. To be nested, one loop must contain the other loop in its entirety. That is, the inner, nested loop must start and end within the outer, containing loop.

Nested loop example (in C++):

for( int x = 0; x < 10; ++x ) // outer loop

{

for( int y = 0; y < 10; ++y ) // inner loop (nested loop)

{

printf( "%d x %d = %d\r\n", x, y, x*y );

} // end of inner loop

} // end of outer loop

Concrete is strong in compression, as the aggregate efficiently carries the compression load. However, it is weak in tension as the cement holding the aggregate in place can crack, allowing the structure to fail. Reinforced concrete solves these problems by adding metal reinforcing bars, glass fiber, or plastic fiber to carry tensile loads

blah blah blah

one trapozoidal section of 0.5 sloping distance is one side and 0.5 is the another side and 1.0 meter is the horizontal base . what will be the cutting length for it.

A cable suspension bridge is a kind of bridge hung from cables.

This is known as the Modulus of Elastisity, or Youngs Modulus (in tension/compression) and will be a constant as long as the deformation is in the elastic range.

A pound (Lb) is a unit of measurement for weight while a yard is a unit of measurement for distance. I think you have your question mixed up!

If you need to make any conversions, I suggest the following site

http://www.onlineconversion.com/ If you are refering to common measurements used on a construction site, a "yard" is a common abbreviation for a "cubic yard", which is a unit of measurement of volume. (A cubic yard equals 27 cubic feet.) In common usage, you may be asking what does a "cubic yard" of something like dirt or concrete weigh? Since dirt weighs about 110 pounds per cubic feet, a cubic yard of dirt weighs about 2970 Lbs. Since concrete is heavier (150 pcf), a cubic yard of concrete weighs about 4050 Lbs.

The Severn Bridge is located close to the former Aust Ferry. The bridge is a suspension bridge of conventional design, with the deck supported by two main cables slung between two steel towers. In 1966 the cables supporting the bridge deck were spun from 18,000 miles (29,000 km) of wire[5]. The bridge is 5,240 ft (1,600 m) long, consisting of a 3,240 ft (988 m) central span between the towers and the two 1,000 ft (305 m) side spans. The towers rise to 445 ft (136 m) above mean high water and are of hollow box construction. The deck is an orthotropic steel box girder of aerofoil shape with cantilevered cycle tracks and footway supported from the box