Computer Networking

A: Analogue signal Direct voltage that varies in the low spectrum of frequency on digital signal the information is deciphered in micro seconds therefore the frequency must be hi the higher the better.

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A bit is the smallest unit of storage in a computer. It represents either a 0 or a 1, which comes from the electrical basis of a computer in which current can either be flowing (1) or not flowing (0).

Yes it has many parts all doing different functions.

server-side and client-side. In the server-side method, when you click an image leading to multiple links, you are actually invoking a cgi-bin program. The program typically reads a separate map file that tells the program where to go, depending on what part of the image you are clicking. The program returns the destination to the web browser, which then opens the page. The imagemap is called "server-side" because the web browser must contact the remote host to find which site to contact.

Client-side imagemaps, by contrast, do not require a cgi-bin program to function. The imagemap is actually an HTML construct that can be contained on the same page as the clickable image. Rather than requiring the program on the remote host to determine what site to access, the web browser itself associates regions of the image with the appropriate sites. The browser, rather than the remote host, interprets the imagemap.

it is the transmission of microwaves. One person throws a microwave to another person and so on.

You need to make a distinction between analog and digital signals, and analog and digital data. Digital data can be sent on an analog signal by using a modem. Digital data sent on a digital signal is done over a wire using voltage pulses at two or more levels. Digital signals can't travel very far without amplifiers, but analog signals can cover huge distances, such as with satellite communications and even communications with deep space probes.

The learning rate is a constant in the algorithm of a neural network that affects the speed of learning. It will apply a smaller or larger proportion of the current adjustment to the previous weight. The higher the rate is set, the faster the network will learn, but if there is large variability in the input the network will not learn very well if at all.

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Carries multiple signal on a signal medium.

They were first used to communicate. A worker on an active antennae noticed that while it was sending microwaves out, a candy bar melted in his shirt pocket. He then designed a box that would capture and reflect these microwaves to heat up food and liquids. We call it the microwave oven.

11111111 = 255 in standard binary. think of it like so: 128 | 64 | 32 | 16 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

in other words, (1x128) + (1x64) etc. etc. In Signed Binary however, this would equal -127 since in signed binary, the first bit represents the sign for plus or minus. e.g 0 = +, 1 = -. as such: Plus or minus | 64 | 32 | 16 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 1 1 (-) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

c: A static function is visible only in the source file containing it. A static member is not defined. c++: A static function is visible only in the source file containing it. A static member variable is common to all instances of a class. A static member function is used to access static members.

To the naked eye - usually not much. To an oscilloscope (and some gadgets) it'll look like a series of pulses. To the appropriate equipment, those pulses can be anything. TV, music, a voice conversation, financial transactions.

Virtualization means creation of virtual things like virtual storage device, server or network resources. Storage virtualization is done by pooling of different physical storage from multiple networks to form a single storage device. Server virtualization is done by masking of server resources. Network virtualization is done by combining the available resources in a network and by splitting the available bandwidth in to channels each of which are independent of other and each can be assigned to a particular server. Basically virtualization is done to utilize and manage the available resource properly. Server virtualization gives organizations the flexibility they need to respond the changing business requirement. Virtual servers reduce the physical resources. This gives organizations the ability to extend protection to additional applications and data with the same or fewer resources.

While doing research on virtualization i came across a site which provides virtualization solutions.

(link moved to link section)

A CSS class is a line of code in your CSS file which corresponds to the HTML equivalent of that class; it is defined with a dot: "."

<div class="test">This is a test.</div>

CSS:

.test { display: block; background: #f90; color: #fff; }

The classes are used to define the style for the individual element of the web page or to determine different styles for the one tag. Syntax for the classes will be the following:

Tag.Name of class { property1: value; property2: value; ... }

Inside of the style sheet the desirable tag is written first, than, after the semicolon - the user's class name. In order to define in HTML code the fact, that tag with the definite style is used, parameter is added to the tag

Basically the frame are sent from the sender side by assigning a frame id,which could be a number.During the transmission of frames across the link the frames can be transmitted out of order w.r.t the frame id assigned to each of the frame.

The frames need to be in order to maintain integrity.

Even though the frames are sent in order,during the transmission the frames may experience delay or routing or any other event which can shuffle the order.

Thus frame sorting is done at the receiver side at the buffer at the DATA Link layer

before sending it to the higher layers.

The sorting can be done in many sorting techniques like bubble sort,merge sort etc.

Physically a multiplexer usually looks like a box of some sort. More important is what is inside. The inside of a multiplexer contains a switch or switches, a power supply, and the electronic circuits to manage the system.

One link is to informative datasheets for a couple of multiplexer Integrated Circuits from which much can be learned about multiplexer characteristics. There are many, many more kinds of multiplexer ICs.

A wireless network usually refers to a Local Area Network (LAN), for example all of the computers in your home. A dial-up network usually refers to the method in which you connect to the Internet through your Internet Service Provider (ISP).

An example using both would be that you have a wireless router at home that connects to a dial-up modem, which allows all of your home computers to share a single Internet connection.

DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)

It's quite easy to convert binary into hexadecimal (hex) by grouping each 4 binary digits (bits) into a single binary hex digit:

0A 64 07 15

From there it's easier to convert into decimal in the head:

10 100 7 21

If you will be doing much in the way of programming computers, or working with TCP/IP networking, it is definitely a good idea to spend some time familiarising yourself with hexadecimal and converting between hex, binary and decimal.

For reference, converting from binary to hex is done like this:

0000 = 0

0001 = 1

0010 = 2

0011 = 3

0100 = 4

0101 = 5

0110 = 6

0111 = 7

1000 = 8

1001 = 9

1010 = A

1011 = B

1100 = C

1101 = D

1110 = E

1111 = F

java is the language used in computer networking.

Phase modultion is one of the three ways of modulating or altering a signal so that it is able to carry information. The other two are amplitude and frequency modulation. Phase modulation is used in high speed modems.

Attenuation in fiber means 'loss of optical power' suffered by the optical signal in fiber itself.