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Computer Programming

A category for questions about computer programming and programming languages.

10,506 Questions

Describe some ways in which computers may affect your health?

Computer monitors are well known to emit electromagnetic fields. They emit low-frequency magnetic fields of around 60-Hz. They are believed to present a greater exposure risk than a televsison because users sit much closer to their screens. Also, the commonly held belief that LCD computer monitors emit less EMF radiation than other types of monitors, is not completely true. LCD monitors require less power to run, but LCDs can emit high levels of electric fields. Backlit LCD displays can emit high levels of electric and magnetic fields. Although its questionable that the amount of magnetic and electric fields emitted by a computer monitor could pose a health risk. There is solid proof that exposure to higher levels of these fields, such as living near power lines, can cause major health risks.

Higher level EMF exposure can cause many types of cancer such as, leukemia, breast cancer and brain cancer. There is even some evidence that it may cause miscarriages and even suicides. One mechanism that electromagnetic fields could damage our health is by generating excess amount of ozone in the air we breath. Ozone generates free-radicals and is very caustic. It is good at keeping radiation out of our atmosphere, but it is very toxic when we breathe it into our bodies.

What is the first computer programming software?

The first computer program is thought to have been created by Ada Lovelace in the 1840's for Charles Babbage's general purpose computer. The program was called Notes and it was an algorithm that was to be used by a computer.

When and who developed the first email program?

hurry up and answer it!! i need it by FridayRay Tomlinson is credited with developing the first viable e-mail program in 1971 for use on the ARPANET. Although text messages were occassionally sent over the network, Tomlinson created the first program. He also initiated the "@" addressing convention used today to denote the user and host (user@host.net). The first e-mail message sent by Tomlinson was to all users on ARPANET and described how to send e-mail messages.

Data processing life cycle?

1) Input is when the data is entered into the computer: There are 3 stages involved when imputing data; they are collection, verification, and coding. Collection collects the data and assembles it. The verification checks whether the data being processed it exact and complete. Coding means translating the data, in order for it to be used into machine readable form. 2) Process - The data is processed and organised. 3) Output is when the data which had been processed is presented as a document etc. Answer:

Data processing can be likened to the manufacturing process. In manufacturing,raw materials are processed, or made into a finished product. The raw materials maybe considered "input" to the processing machine. The finished product is "output." Inthe electronic computer, data are the raw material or input to the computer. Thefinished product, or output, is usually a printed report or an updated file containing datathat have been processed or manipulated in some way. The three functions (or stages)of data processing are: input, process (or manipulation), and output. Input involvescapturing data and getting it into a farm understandable to the computer. Processingencompasses the various steps taken by the computer to manipulate the data andprovide information. Output makes the computed results of processing available for usein decision-making

Which language is the most suitable for computer programming?

Binary code is the computers language.

For example you sent 300mb from Drive C:/user to D:/Data

The computer could end up transalting this to numbers us 0's and 1's.

How does the computer misuse act affect a business?

The Computer Misuse Act places a responsibility on all organisations to process personal data in a lawful and proper way. It should make you feel a lot safer when you are on your computer.

How can a user can borrow a book from the library?

you register first with ID in a public library and you may have to pay a mall fee when you join, then according to their rules you may borrow 3 or 4 books per week or whatever their rules are, then you return them after a certain time as long as it is before the due date or they will impose a fine x amount of cents per day.

Was ARPANET the first to use the Internet?

ARPANet was the forerunner to the modern internet. After World War II the American Government set up the Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). One of their tasks was that they had to design a communications system that would not collapse if part of it was knocked out by a bomb. ARPANet was the result of this, in about 1969. In the following decades more networks were set up and linked together. Common standards between all these systems were agreed upon and in 1989, the internet came into being.

Who was the first programer?

Ada Lovelace is typically considered the first programmer. She corresponded with Charles Babbage, who is credited with the first attempt at a serious, general-purpose computer. Lovelace and Babbage lived in the 19th century. The programming language Ada, developed by the US Department of Defense but commonly used in many different contexts, is named in honor of Ada Lovelace.

Grace Hopper is commonly considered the founder of computer programming. Her language was called, "Autocode." She was the first to use the term compile to refer to translating a program into code that the computer can directly understand. She was actually predated by Konrad Zuse, a German who developed a language he called "Plankalkul". This language never impacted computer science to any degree, however, because Zuse was a German living in the time of World War II, and of course there was a huge divide between Germany and the rest of the world in that time.

Steps of mail merge?

Mail Merge Step by Step Instructions for the PC

Page 1 of 4

1. Open Microsoft Word 2003.

2. Go to Tools > Letters and Mailings > Mail Merge... If the task pane was closed, it will open the

Mail Merge task pane.

Step 1: Select Document Type

1. Under Select document type, choose Letters.

2. Click on Next: Starting document at the bottom of the task pane

Step 2: Starting document

1. Selecting Use the current document will allow you to start from the current document shown

on the screen.

2. Click Next: Select recipients. Note that you can always go between steps by clicking on the

Next and Previous links at the bottom of the task pane.

Step 3: Select Recipients

1. Select Use an existing list.

2. To find an already existing file, click Browse... and navigate your way to the file.

3. If your data source is an Excel worksheet that has data on multiple tabs, you need to select the

tab containing the data you want. Click OK.

4. All the entries in the data source will now appear in the Mail Merge Recipients window,

where you can edit the list of recipients.

Mail Merge Step by Step Instructions for the PC

Page 2 of 4

5. In the Mail Merge Recipients window, select the recipients you want by checking the boxes

next to the recipients. To sort the list, click the column heading of the item you want to sort by.

To filter items in the list click the arrow next to the column heading of the item you want to

filter by and select any of the following:

1. Blanks display all the records in which the corresponding field is blank.

2. Nonblanks display all the records in which the corresponding field contains

information. If your data source contains records that share the same information, and

there are ten or fewer unique values in the column, you can filter by specific

information.

6. If the arrow next to any column heading is blue, that category is screening out names. To

display all the recipients again, click and blue arrows and select All.

7. To check all names in your recipients list, click Select All. To uncheck all names, click Clear

All.

8. Click OK to return to the Mail Merge Wizard.

9. To change the file click Select a different list...

10. To edit the list click on Edit recipient list... (data source)

11. Click on Next:Write your letter.

Step 4: Write Your Letter

1. If you are creating a form letter, type the text that you want to appear in every form letter.

Insert merge fields where you want to merge names, addresses, and other data from the data

source (i.e. recipient list) by clicking anywhere you want in the main document to insert the

field. Then click on More Items and insert individual field

Click More items...

Mail Merge Step by Step Instructions for the PC

Page 3 of 4

1. Select one of the following:

(a) Address Fields will allow you to select from address fields that will automatically map to

corresponding fields in your data source, even if the data source's fields don't have the same

name as your fields.

(b) Database Fields will allow you to select from fields that always take data directly from a

column in a database.

2. In the Fields window, click the field you want.

3. Click Insert, and then click Close.

4. If the Match Fields window appears, Microsoft Word may have been unable to find some of

the information it needs to insert the field. Click the arrow next to not matched, and then select

the field from your data source that corresponds to the field required for the mail merge.

If you are creating a form letter, click Next: Preview your letters.

Step 5: Preview your letters

1. To preview the items in order, click the arrows under the Preview your letters heading.

Mail Merge Step by Step Instructions for the PC

Page 4 of 4

2. To locate a specific item, click Find a recipient..., and then enter the criteria in the Find field.

3. To change the list of recipients, click Edit recipient list..., and make your changes in the Mail

Merge Recipients window.

4. Click on Next: Complete the Merge at the bottom of the task pane

Step 6: Complete the Merge

1. Click Edit individual letters...

2. In the Merge to New Document window, select the records you want to merge.

3. Click OK.

4. Microsoft Word will create new merged document.

5. To personalize individual documents, scroll to the information you want to edit, and make your

changes.

6. Print or save the document just as you would any regular document.

Step 7: Save the Merged Letters

Under most circumstances, you do not need to save the merged document. It is simpler and more

useful to save the main document and merge it again if you need another copy. Below are examples of

times when you might wish to save the merged document:

• You wish to keep an archived copy of mailings, including to whom they were sent.

• You have personalized individual letters or labels within the merge, and want to save those

changes.

If you do wish to save the merged document, collect the merged files into a single document by

clicking Edit individual letters. In the Merge to New Document window, select one of the

following:

• To merge all the documents, click All.

• To merge only the document that you see in the document window, click Current record.

• To merge a range of documents, click From, and then type the record numbers in the From

and To boxes.

Click OK.

Microsoft Word will open one new document that contains all the individual letters. Save the

document just as you would any regular document.

Categories of data processing?

Data is processed to get the required results. Different operations may be performed on data. Therefore, data processing is defined as:

"A sequence of operations on data to convert it into useful information is called data processing."

The important operations that can be performed on data are:

  • Arithmetic and logical operations on data to get required results.
  • To send and receive data from one location to another.
  • Classification of data.
  • Arranging data into a specific order etc.

The data processing is divided into three categories or levels.

1. Manual Data Processing: In manual data processing, data is processed manually without using any machine or tool to get required result. In manual data processing, all the calculations and logical operations are manually performed on the data. Similarly, data is manually transferred from one place to another. This method of data processing is very slow and errors may occur in the output.

In Pakistan, data is still processed manually in many small business firms as well as government offices & institutions.

2. Mechanical Data Processing: In mechanical data processing, data is processed by using different tools like calculators or other mechanical devices. This method of data processing is faster and more accurate than manual data processing.

3. Electronic Data Processing: It is the modern technique to process data. The data is processed through computer. Data and set of instructions are given to the computer as input and the computer automatically processes the data according to the given set of instructions.

The computer is also known as electronic data processing machine. This method of processing data is very fast and accurate. Now-a-days, the data is processed and analyzed through computers. For example, the results of students are prepared through computer; in banks accounts of customers are processed through computers etc.

Who created the first computer programming language?

The first programming language was Lambda Calculus Here is the link to the website

[URL]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda_calculus#Lambda_calculus_and_programming_languages[/URL] It was introduced by Alonzo Church and Stephen Cole Lleene in the 1930s

Advantages of GUI?

The main advantage of a GUI is that the visual representation of functions allows easier use of the computer compared to a command-line-based interface. It also speeds up the user's work for non-technical people.

How you know if your husband loves you?

its that feeling that you get in the morning that hes the only person that you want to see today and you dream about him all the time day night and in your dreams but all i can really say is you will only know VANESSA RODRIGUEZ

What language should you I learn as a game developer?

I would recommend learning C#, as it is widely used by most game developers.

What are the data types in C language and their meanings?

They are INT , FLOAT , CHAR. int carries integers only & occupies 2bytes of memory space each. float carries fractional numbers only & occupies 4bytes of memory space each.char carries characters only & occupies 1bytes of memory space each.

Hope this will help you.

C program for swap two numbers without using temporary variables?

Using a temporary variable:

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int a,b,temp;

clrscr():

printf("Enter the first number a\n");

scanf("%d",&a);

printf("Enter the second number b\n");

scanf("%d",&b);

printf("Before swapping a=%d b=%d",a,b);

temp=a;

a=b;

b=temp;

printf("The swapped values are: a=%d b=%d",a,b);

getch();

}

Without using a temporary variable:

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int a,b;

clrscr();

printf("Enter the first number a\n");

scanf("%d",&a);

printf("Enter the second number b\n");

scanf("%d",&b);

printf("Before swapping a=%d b=%d",a,b);

a=a+b;

b=a-b;

a=a-b;

printf("The swapped values are: a=%d b=%d\n");

getch();

}

Print the digits in a number in ascending or descending order c program?

#include


/* In case pow does not work from math.h */
int my_pow( int x, int y )
{
int i, result = 1;


for( i=1; i<=y; i++ )
{
result = result * x;
}


return result;
}


int main()
{
int n,i,j, temp1, temp2;


printf("\n Enter number of digits :");
scanf("%d",&n);


for( i= my_pow(10,n-1); i < (my_pow(10,n)-1); i++ )
{
j = n;


do
{
temp1 = ( i / (my_pow(10,(n-j))) ); /* Formula to fetch successive digit */
temp1 = temp1%10;


temp2 = ( i / (my_pow(10, (n-(j-1)))) ); /* Formula to fetch successive digit */
temp2 = temp2%10;


if ( temp1 > temp2 )
{
if ( 1 == j )
{
printf(" %d, ", i );
break;
}


j--;
}
else
{
break;
}


}while(1);
}


printf("\n");


return 1;


}


OUTPUT:


------------


[~/temp-satish]$ ./a.out


Enter number of digits :2
12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 56, 57, 58, 59, 67, 68, 69, 78, 79, 89,
[~/temp-satish]$
[~/temp-satish]$ ./a.out


Enter number of digits :3
123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 156, 157, 158, 159, 167, 168, 169, 178, 179, 189, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 256, 257, 258, 259, 267, 268, 269, 278, 279, 289, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 356, 357, 358, 359, 367, 368, 369, 378, 379, 389, 456, 457, 458, 459, 467, 468, 469, 478, 479, 489, 567, 568, 569, 578, 579, 589, 678, 679, 689, 789,
[~/temp-satish]$ ./a.out


Enter number of digits :4
1234, 1235, 1236, 1237, 1238, 1239, 1245, 1246, 1247, 1248, 1249, 1256, 1257, 1258, 1259, 1267, 1268, 1269, 1278, 1279, 1289, 1345, 1346, 1347, 1348, 1349, 1356, 1357, 1358, 1359, 1367, 1368, 1369, 1378, 1379, 1389, 1456, 1457, 1458, 1459, 1467, 1468, 1469, 1478, 1479, 1489, 1567, 1568, 1569, 1578, 1579, 1589, 1678, 1679, 1689, 1789, 2345, 2346, 2347, 2348, 2349, 2356, 2357, 2358, 2359, 2367, 2368, 2369, 2378, 2379, 2389, 2456, 2457, 2458, 2459, 2467, 2468, 2469, 2478, 2479, 2489, 2567, 2568, 2569, 2578, 2579, 2589, 2678, 2679, 2689, 2789, 3456, 3457, 3458, 3459, 3467, 3468, 3469, 3478, 3479, 3489, 3567, 3568, 3569, 3578, 3579, 3589, 3678, 3679, 3689, 3789, 4567, 4568, 4569, 4578, 4579, 4589, 4678, 4679, 4689, 4789, 5678, 5679, 5689, 5789, 6789,
[~/temp-satish]$

How do you draw very well?

Practice makes perfect! However, there are some special tricks, and you can find a book full of them at your public library. Some of those tricks are like using a certain type of pencil, drawing lightly in some areas, and other things like that.

What is the difference between a string and a number?

In computer programming, a "string" usually refers to an array of characters. A string may consist of nothing (an empty string) or as many characters as are allowed in an array. To denote a string, surrounding a list of characters by double quotes is the typical standard.

Strings:

* "" * "abc" * "Cows say 'Moo!'" * "http://wiki.answers.com"

Numbers are those fun symbols you remember from math class. The confusing part is when a string contains numbers ("123"). Usually a programming language will have a way to convert between a string of numbers and an actual number type, in case you happen to need to do math with the string.