Crime

In a broad sense it can be said that police forces (as opposed to Sheriff's officers) do NOT have the authority to enforce provisions of civil law.

Other than that, you will have to be more specific in defining what you are asking.

Following are important thoeries of criminality-

Biological theory-. Many studies have sought to explain crime. Most of them compare habitual criminals with people who have not been convicted of crimes to try to find important differences between the two groups.

Since the late 1800's, for example, researchers trained in the biological sciences have searched for physical differences. Such studies involve differences in body type, the pattern of brain waves, and the formation of genes. Lambroso and Charles Goring said that due to defective traits of body they want to attract attention of others, so they commit crime. Other sociologists believe that due to heredity of criminals their offspring also do such acts.

In compare to old young people inclined more towards acts of crime. Quarreling nature ,tension ,fraustration,etc are some biological factors of crime. Although none of these studies has proved that criminals have any physical traits that make them different from other people.

2-Psychological theory-

Research by psychiatrists and psychologists stresses personality differences resulting from experiences in childhood or later. This research shows that many people who became criminals were neglected by their parents or were given harsh or uncertain discipline. Such treatment left them insecure and demanding in their relations with others. Their own wants made them ignore the needs or rights of others. But researchers have had difficulty making a direct connection between emotional needs and crime because many people with emotional problems find acceptable ways of solving them.(CD of World book Millennium 2000)

3-Economic theory-Due to industrialization and urbanization, the needs of people are at increasing rate. There is limited sources for satisfying unlimited needs. In many countries, most crimes are committed by boys and young men. They are particularly likely to commit burglaries, car thefts, and robberies .Modernization has changed the concept of standard of living which was simple living and high thinking .Now it isconverted in to high living and simple thinking.

4-Social theory-For many young city-dwellers, the excitement of the streets provides the principal escape from boredom and seemingly unsolvable problems. These streets are also the scene of much vice and crime--drugs use and sale, gambling, prostitution, public drunkenness, and acts of violence. Law enforcement in the inner city is difficult, partly because too few police officers patrol the neighborhoods. In addition, many of the people fear the police and refuse to cooperate with them. .(CD of World book Millennium 2000)

5-Political theory-political leader also train people for committing crimes. They are paid for it. Booth capturing ,killing the innocents ,murdering the other party candidates and honest people who do not pay money from government treasury, creating terror for voting system are so many other forms of crimes.

Political factors have become an increasingly serious criminal activity. It includes acts of terrorism against innocent people and assassinations of leading political figures throughout the world. Unlike many criminals who seek money or personal gain through crime, most terrorists and assassins commit crimes to show support for a political cause. Since the early 1970's, political crimes such as aero plane hijackings, assassinations, bombings, and the taking of hostages have become more frequent. As a result, governments all over the world have taken steps to protect against terrorists.

6-Defective Punishment system theory -If person is harshly penalized for ordinary acts ,it makes him serious criminal in future. Our legal system too is loosely knitted . On the basis of false evidence any person can be punished by law. Such person does not have faith in laws so they violate the same to punish the others.

1. It monitors unemployment
2. inflation taxation business
3. the general welfare of the nation
4. He doesn't control the economy but helps to run it smoothly

1. It monitors unemployment
2. inflation taxation business
3. the general welfare of the nation
4. He doesn't control the economy but helps to run it smoothly

1. It monitors unemployment
2. inflation taxation business
3. the general welfare of the nation
4. He doesn't control the economy but helps to run it smoothly

The First Amendment is part of the Bill of Rights, the first ten amendments to the Constitution that help protect the rights of citizens and the states. There have been many Supreme Court cases interpreting the degree of freedom and protection afforded to people balanced against the interests of the government.

Schenck v. United States, (1919), was the first real challenge to laws impinging on First Amendment guarantees. Charles Schenck, a member of the Communist party, was prosecuted for violating the Espionage Act of 1917. Schenck mailed pamphlets to young men urging them to resist WW I recruitment efforts, which the Court held interfered with the United States' ability to build its military. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., who wrote the opinion in Schenck, instituted the "clear and present danger" doctrine that created the first legitimized exception to this constitutional freedom.

Examples of Other First Amendment cases

Establishment clause: (cannot teach religion in public schools): Everson v. Board of Education, 330 US 1 (1947)

Free exercise of religion: Cantwell v. Connecticut, 310 US 296 (1940)

Freedom of speech: Gitlow v. New York, 268 US 652 (1925)

Freedom of the press: Near v. Minnesota, 283 US 697 (1931)

Freedom of assembly: DeJonge v. Oregon, 299 US 353 (1937)

Expressive association (implied right): NAACP v. Alabama, 357 US 449 (1958)

Federal crime is anything of the sort :

• White-collar crime
• International money laundering
• Drug trafficking
• Identity theft
• RICO
• Hate crimes
• Felonies
• Gun crimes

• Computer crimes
• Immigration crimes
• Credit card and ATM fraud
• Major thefts like stealing art, jewelry, and gems
• Computer fraud
• Organized crime
• Public corruption crimes
• Intellectual property rights

They basically are stuff the government deals with i.e. the FBI, IRS or DEA.

Whereas State crimes are:

• Homicide/murder
• Assault and battery
• Robbery
• Domestic violence
• Burglary
• Aggravated assault
• Drug trafficking
• Weapons offenses

• Felonies
• Resisting with violence
• Grand theft
• False imprisonment
• Kidnapping
• Fraud offenses
• Sexual battery
• Stalking/ aggravated stalking

They all vary depending on that states jurisdiction and their own laws, but most crimes fall under state crimes anway.