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5th edition including APA Style Guide to Electronic References

Reference Citations in Text

References

• Print Sources (paper) Articles, books, reports, government

  documents, corporate author, etc.

• Electronic Sources (online/web) articles, ebooks, reports,

  broadcast, data, blogs, wiki, podcasts, etc.,

• More Help

Web Sites

PDF version of APA Guide

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REFERENCE CITATIONS IN TEXT

Throughout the body of your paper, briefly note the author and date of research that you mention. Enough information is needed to identify the correct source in the References list at the end of your paper.

• Author and Date Cited in Text (no parenthetical citation necessary)

  In a 1989 article, Gould explores some of Darwin's most effective metaphors.

• Author Not Cited in Text

  As metaphors for the workings of nature, Darwin used the tangled bank, the tree of

  life, and the face of nature (Gould, 1989).

• Author Cited in Text

  Gould (1989) attributes Darwin's success to his gift for making the appropriate metaphor.

• Direct Quotation with Name of Author

  Gould (1989) explains that Darwin used the metaphor of the tree of life "to express the other form of interconnectedness-genealogical rather than ecological-and to illustrate both success and failure in the history of life" (p. 14).

• Direct Quotation without Name of Author

  Darwin used the metaphor of the tree of life "to express the other form of interconnectedness-genealogical rather than ecological" (Gould, 1989, p. 14).

For each of the samples above the correct "References" APA style format

would be:

Gould, S. J. (1989). The wheel of fortune and the wedge of progress. Natural History, 89(3), 14-21.

• Quoting references that cite other works

  To cite secondary sources, refer to both sources in the text, but include in the References list only the source that you actually used. For instance, suppose you read Feist (1998) and would like to paraphrase the following sentence within that book:

  Bandura (1989) defined self-efficacy as "people's beliefs about their capabilities

  to exercise control over events that affect their lives" (p. 1175).

  In this case, your in-text citation would be: (Bandura, 1989, as cited in Feist, 1998).

  Feist (1998) would be fully referenced within the list of References. Bandura (1989) would not be listed. For more information on citing secondary sources, see Example 22 in Section 4.16 of the Publication Manual. Remember to use the examples in this handout to cite and reference your quote correctly.

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REFERENCES

NOTE: As stated in the Publication Manual (section 5.18):

• Begin your list of references on a new page, headed with the word "References" centered at the top.
• Use "Reference" if there is only one.
• Alphabetize the list by author's last name. If there is no author given, start with the first significant word in the title.
• For article titles, capitalize only the first word of the title and subtitle, and proper names.
• Periodical titles should be written in full with both capital and lower case letters.
• References are to be in a hanging indent format, meaning that the first line of each reference is set flush left and subsequent lines are indented.
• Double space the entire document.

Example:

Klimoski, R. & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations. Consulting

Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2), 10-36.

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PRINT SOURCES: JOURNAL ARTICLES

(periodical articles published in journals, magazines, newspapers, etc.)

Format: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume(issue), pages.

• One Author

  Mellers, B. A. (2000). Choice and the relative pleasure of consequences. Psychological

  Bulletin, 126(6), 910-924.

• Two to Six Authors

  Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S.(1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations.

  Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research,45(2), 10-36.

• Six or More Authors

  Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J., Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L., et al. (2000).

  An experimental evaluation of theory-based mother and mother-child programs for

  children of divorce. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(5), 843-856.

• Magazine Article

  Rodgers, J. (2006, July). Extreme psychology. Psychology Today, 39(4), 86-93.

• Review of a Book

  Schatz, B. R. (2000, November 17). Learning by text or context? [Review of the book The

  social life of information]. Science, 290, 1304.

• Daily Newspaper Article, No Author

Note: Use p or pp before page number. If the article had more than one page but not continuous then the citation would be "pp. A12, A14."

• New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (2001, August 3).

  The Washington Post, p. A12.

• Letter to the Editor, Newspaper Article

  Berkowitz, A.D. (2000, November 24). How to tackle the problem of student drinking [Letter

  to the editor]. The Chronicle of Higher Education, p B20.

• Entire Issue of a Journal

  Barlow, D.H. (Ed.). (1991) Diagnoses, dimensions, and DSM-IV: The science of classification

  [Special issue]. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(3).

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PRINT SOURCES: BOOKS AND REPORTS

Format: Author, A. A. (year). Title of work. Location: Publisher.

• Book

  Mitchell, T. R., & Larson, J. R., Jr. (1987). People in organizations: An introduction to

  organizational behavior (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

• A Book by More than One Author

  Levison, M., Ward, R. G., & Webb, J. W. (1973). The settlement of Polynesia: A

  computer simulation. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

• Edited Book

  Ruiz, V. L., & Sánchez Korrol, V. (Eds.). (2006). Latinas in the United States: A historical

  encyclopedia. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

• Corporate Author as publisher

  American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental

  disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

• Anonymous Author

  Guidelines and application form for directors, 1990 summer seminar for school teachers.

  (1988). Washington, DC: National Endowment for the Humanities.

• Chapter in a Book

  Massaro, D. (1992). Broadening the domain of the fuzzy logical model of perception. In H. L.

  Pick Jr., P. van den Broek, & D.C. Knill (Eds.), Cognition: Conceptual and

  methodological issues (pp. 51-84). Washington, DC: American Psychological

  Association.

• ERIC Document

  Mead, J. V. (1992) Looking at old photographs: Investigating the teacher tales that

  novice teachers bring with them (Report No. NCRTL-RR-92-4). East Lansing,

  MI: National Center for Research on Teaching Learning. (ERIC Document

  Reproduction Service No. ED346082)

• Government Report

  National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious mental illness

  (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: U.S. Government

  Printing Office.

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ELECTRONIC (BROADCAST, ONLINE and WEB SITES)

NOTE: APA protocols for citing electronic information are evolving. For the latest information, consult the official APA Web site. APA will update this page regularly as there are additions, changes, or clarifications to APA style. Also see APA Style Guide to Electronic References for further information.

In June 2007, changes were made to APA style guidelines for citing electronic scholarly articles. Many scholarly publishers have been assigning unique identifiers to each published article. The DOI (Digital Object Identifier) is an alpha-numeric code registered to each scholarly article in order to assign a persistent link to the article. The DOI (or doi) has replaced the database name and URL in the list of references. Because the link is to the final version, do not include a retrieval date. Since DOI numbers are complex, copy and paste DOI into the reference.

Citing electronic sources is similar to citing print sources: citations direct readers to the source or as close as possible.

Where do I find a DOI?

• It may be part of the citation or abstract of a record.
• It may be found on the first page of an article, especially in pdf format.
• Use DOI Lookup(http://www.crossref.org/guestquery/).
• Cut and paste a citation into CrossRef Simple Text Query(http://www.crossref.org/SimpleTextQuery/)
• Verify a known DOI by using CrossRef DOI Resolver(http://www.crossref.org/05researchers/58doi_resolver.HTML)

Format: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume(issue), pages. doi: unique identifier

• Full-Text Article with DOI assigned

  Jacobson, J. W., Mulick, J. A., & Schwartz, A. A. (1995). A history of facilitated

  communication: Science, pseudoscience, and antiscience. American Psychologist,

  50(9), 750-765. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.50.9.750

  Stevenson, W., Maton, K. I., & Teti, D. M. (1999). Social support, relationship quality,

  and well-being among pregnant adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 22(1), 109-121.

  doi: 10.1006/jado.1998.0204

• Full-Text Articles without a DOI

  Some articles don't have an assigned DOI. Look for a something called a "persistent link" or "document URL" in the article record, usually on the abstract page.

  NOTE: give the exact URL for open access journals or the URL of the journal home page if accessed through a subscription. There is no period at the end of a reference citation ending with a URL.

  Francis-Smythe, J., & Robertson, I. (1999). Time-related Individual Differences.

  Time & Society, 8(2), 273-292. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/

  login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=4548317&site=ehost-live

  Senior, B. (1997). Team roles and team performance: Is there really a link? Journal of

  Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 70(3), 241-258. Retrieved from

  http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?

  direct=true&db=aph&AN=9709182517&site=ehost-live

• Newspaper Web Site

  McHugh, P. (2005, March 17). Feeling down? It might help if you just take it outside.

  San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved from http://sfgate.com

• Research or Technical Report from a Web Site

  NAACP. (n.d.). Juvenile justice fact sheet. Retrieved December 11, 2007, from

  http://www.naacp.org/advocacy/research/facts/Juvenile%20Justice.pdf

  ACLU. (2007, November 29). FBI Improperly Using Patriot Act Surveillance

  Powers, ACLU Charges. Retrieved from

  http://www.aclu.org/safefree/nationalsecurityletters/32904prs20071129.HTML

• Article from Web Site or E-journal

  Takase, A. (2007). Japanese high school students' motivation for extensive L2 reading.

  Reading in a Foreigh Language, 19(1), 1-18. Retrieved

  September 24, 2007, from http://nflrc.Hawaii.edu/rfl/April2007/takase/takase.pdf

• Television Broadcast

  Crystal, L. (Executive Producer). (1993, October 11). The MacNeil/Lehrer news hour.

  [Television broadcast]. New York and Washington, DC: Public Broadcasting Service.

• Electronic Book from Web Site

  Note: Use "Available from" to indicated that the URL will lead users to a download site rather than directly to the data.

  O'Keefe, E. (n.d). Egoism & the crisis in Western values. Available from

  http://onlineoriginals.com/showitem.asp?itemID=135

• Electronic Book from Database

  Gates, J.M. (1999). Consider the Earth: Environmental activities for grades 4-8.

  Retrieved from NetLibrary database.

• Wiki

  Psychometric assessment. (n.d.). Retrieved January 28, 2007, from The Psychology

  Wiki: http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Psychometirc_assessment

• Data set

  Note: Use "Available from" to indicated that the URL will lead users to a download site rather than directly to the data.

  Pew Hispanic Center. (2004). Changing channels and criss-crosing cultures: A survey of

  Latinos on the news media [Data file and code book]. Available from Pew

  Hispanic Center Web site: http://pewhispanic.org/datasets/

• Blog post

  bfy. (2007, January 22). Re: The unfortunate prerequisites and consequences of partitioning your

  mind. Message posted to http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/

• Audio podcast

  Note: Identify as much information as possible, either date, title or identifier.

  Van Nuys, D. (Producer). (2006, October 13). Understanding autism [Show 54].

  Shrink Rap Radio. Podcast retreived from http://www.shrinkrapradio.com/

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MORE HELP

Can't find the right rule? If you do not find a rule in this guide to fit the specific citation situation you are working on, you need to consult the 5th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. Copies are available at all dictionary stands on all four floors in the Library, in Reference (BF 76.7 P83 2001), and in the Reserve Book Room for a 2 hour check out period. Reference citations rules are in Chapter Four.

It is impossible to have an example for every type of source available. If you are unable to find the perfect example, remember, that the purpose of listing references is to allow readers to retrieve and use your sources. Find the closest example; and put as much information as you think necessary in your citiation to ensure that the source can be retrieved in the future.

Students may also seek assistance with papers for any class in any department, or for preparation for writing exams at the CSUS Writing Center. The Writing Center is located in Room 128 of Calaveras Hall.

Also consider taking one of the drop in classes in the Library. Classes are held through-out the year. Check at the Reference Desk (2North) for a schedule of workshops or on the Library Instruction web page

Examples are also available from the web sites listed below.

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WEB SITES

• APA Style (Diana Hacker)http://www.dianahacker.com/resdoc/p04_c09_o.HTML#p04_c09_o
• APA Style - Electronic Referenceshttp://www.apastyle.org/elecref.HTML
• APA Style for Electronic Sources/Trinity Universityhttp://lib.trinity.edu/research/citing/APAelectronicsources.pdf
• Citing Sources/Trinity Universityhttp://lib.trinity.edu/research/citing/
• OWL at Purdue/APA Formathttp://owl.English.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_apa.HTML
• Citation Styles - APAhttp://www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/cite6.HTML
• Citing Net Sources (Ohio State)http://liblearn.osu.edu/tutor/les7/guide.HTML
• Frequently Asked Questions about APA Stylehttp://www.apastyle.org/faqs.HTML

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PDF VERSION OF APA STYLE GUIDE

A PDF Version of the APA Style Guide is also available.

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A Sacramento State Library Research Guide compiled by Leilani Hall, Science Reference Librarian; Leilani@csus.edu

Last updated 6/09

I need to read an example of a dissertation? Yes, it is a good idea to take a look at some sample dissertations. You can find these at your university since they have copies of all of the dissertations ever written by people who have graduated from there with a Ph.D.