Electrical Engineering

The transformer impedance is the amount of voltage applied for transformer during the load test.

Answer.

I really don't agree with the answer given by the previous user.

Impedance is the total vector opposition offered by the transformer to the flow of current i.e the vector sum of its pure resistance (R) and it's inductive reactance (XL). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_impedance

The 'impedance' of a transformer is usually expressed as a 'percentage impedance', which is defined (perhaps rather confusingly!) as the ratio of the primary voltage that will result in the full rated current flowing through the secondary, to the rated primary voltage.

Java Data TypesJava is a powerful language that gives us options to have data in different forms. We have several data types that we can use for our needs. The basic data types that java offers us are termed as Primitive Data Types. Though all programming languages have varied data types java offers us with a variety of data types that are much powerful and simplified to use when compared to other languages.

The Java programming language is strongly-typed, which means that all variables must first be declared before they can be used. This involves stating the variable's type and name.

int age = 10;

The above statement tells the java compiler that a field named "age" which holds numeric data and having an initial value of 10 is declared. A variable's data type determines the values it may contain, plus the operations that may be performed on it. In addition to int, the Java programming language supports seven other primitive data types. A primitive type is predefined by the language and is named by a reserved keyword. Primitive values do not share state with other primitive values. The eight primitive data types supported by the Java programming language are: byte, short, int, float, double, long, char and boolean

Solution: Characteristics of CMOS logic: 1. Dissipates low power: The power dissipation is dependent on the power supply voltage, frequency, output load, and input rise time. At 1 MHz and 50 pF load, the power dissipation is typically 10 nW per gate. 2. Short propagation delays: Depending on the power supply, the propagation delays are usually around 25 nS to 50 nS. 3. Rise and fall times are controlled: The rise and falls are usually ramps instead of step functions, and they are 20 - 40% longer than the propagation delays. 4. Noise immunity approaches 50% or 45% of the full logic swing. 5. Logic levels in a CMOS system will be essentially equal to the power supplies since the input impedance is so high.

Characteristics of TTL logic: 1. Power dissipation is usually 10 mW per gate. 2. Propagation delays are 10 nS when driving a 15 pF/400 ohm load. 3. Logic levels vary from 0 to 5 volts

Solution: Characteristics of CMOS logic: 1. Dissipates low power: The power dissipation is dependent on the power supply voltage, frequency, output load, and input rise time. At 1 MHz and 50 pF load, the power dissipation is typically 10 nW per gate. 2. Short propagation delays: Depending on the power supply, the propagation delays are usually around 25 nS to 50 nS. 3. Rise and fall times are controlled: The rise and falls are usually ramps instead of step functions, and they are 20 - 40% longer than the propagation delays. 4. Noise immunity approaches 50% or 45% of the full logic swing. 5. Logic levels in a CMOS system will be essentially equal to the power supplies since the input impedance is so high.

Characteristics of TTL logic: 1. Power dissipation is usually 10 mW per gate. 2. Propagation delays are 10 nS when driving a 15 pF/400 ohm load. 3. Logic levels vary from 0 to 5 volts

There are many different types of circuits, but, in basic electricity, perhaps the two most common types of circuits are parallel and series.

A parallel-connected circuit is one in which the current divides into two or more flows with at least one load on each flow, whereas a series circuit has only one flow that passes through two or more consecutive loads. The input voltage to a parallel-connected circuit stays constant - so every branch of the circuit gets the same voltage from the power supply - but there is a different current flowing in each branch dependant on the resistance of the loads in that branch. Overall, no current gets lost because any current entering a particular junction (leading to branches) is always equal to the current leaving that junction.

In a series-connected circuit the input current stays constant and the voltage is divided amongst the loads which are connected like links in a chain: each load component (a light, a resistor, etc.) is connected "head to tail" to the next one in the series circuit.

A more complete answer

Actually there are four types of circuit, not two. These are series circuits, parallel circuits, series-parallel circuits, and complex circuits.

'Complex circuits' (which are not necessarily complicated) describe any circuit that is not series, parallel, or series-parallel - a Wheatstone Bridge is an example of a complex circuit.

The techniques for solving series, parallel, and series-parallel circuits cannot be used for solving complex circuits. Instead, network theorems, such as Thevenin's and Norton's Theorems must be used.