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History of Islam
The history of Islam goes back over 1400 years to Prophet Muhammad and his creation of the first Islamic State in Medina Munawarra. Since that point, Islamic culture, custom and tradition have spread all across the world in numerous empires and by peaceful conversions. Muslims have been prominent in science, government, religion, philosophy, literature and numerous other areas of human endeavor. If you are interested in learning more about the history of the Islamic World, its development over the centuries and its contributions to society, here is a good place to start asking your questions.
1,088 Questions
Are the taliban sunni Muslims?
Answer:
The Taliban do adhere to the fundamental principles of Islam, so they are, technically, Muslims. They do not violate any principle belief, or religious practice.
HOWEVER . . . . they are not properly educated in Islam, and they are very reactionary. They clearly do not understand that a lot of what they are doing is simply wrong, in Islam. That's why they do incorrect things - like attack girls' schools, etc.
What were the reasons for the decline of the Islamic civilization in North Africa after AD 950?
The Islamic Empire was expected to last at the peak of its power for at least half a millennium. It lasted for more than half a millennium from 1299 all the way to the end of World War I in 1918. Such a magnificent empire declined because of many reasons. Here are the main reasons.
- Shia and Sunni Revolts against each other
- People from different regions in the Islamic Empire were greedy and wanted to make separate countries of their own
- The Western Countries such as Italy, Britain had exhausted the Empire with war and threats for eg. Italy threatened the Muslims of bombing the Holly Cities of Mecca and Medina
- Some Muslims from certain regions thought about Westernizing so that they could become a better empire but of course this was not the answer. The best example for this were the Turkish people under Mustafa Kemal who westernized Turkey
- There were so many different views on how to run the empire that the empire just broke apart
If we Muslims were still united today we wouldn't have been humiliated today by these Westerners. They were a major reason for this break up of the Muslim Empire because they knew if we were united as one we would be the most powerful country on Earth.
What does sunnis and shiites have in common?
the five principles of religion as stated by shiism include:tawhid or belief in divine unity,nubuwwah or prophecy,maad or ressurrection,imamah or the immamate:belief in the imams as successors of the prophet and Adl or Divine justice.in the Three bsic principles -unity, prophecy and resurrection-Sunnism and shiism agree and are in common . it ts only in the other two that they differ.
How did Islam influence European society?
Islamic civilization affected the western civilization both scientifically (through the thousands of Islamic inventions and innovations) and morally ( non racism, assuring women rights, non slavery, non discrimination, and many other good morals). see links below.
How did lands once controlled by the byzantine empire become part of the Islamic world?
How were lands that were once part of the Byzantine Empire added to the Islamic world?
Who were Saladin and King Richard?
Richard the Lionheart was the leader of the Catholic army during the crusade of kings. He is named "The Lionheart" because he was the only king to complete his crusade during the Crusade of kings (neither the king of France, or the king of Germany finished).
Saladin was his opposition.
How many Muslims are there in the Israeli Defense Forces?
There are about 170,000 active Duty Soldiers, who are serving their compulsory 3 year service. There are about another 450,000 reservists who serve one month a year, and can be activated during an emergency.
Community Answer
Muslims spread Islam through teaching, conquest, and trade.
Islam spread is through:
- Islam tolerance and good morals
- Quran authenticity and its scientific statements miracles
- Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) modesty, honesty, and good morals
Islam was spread so fast for many reasons. Most of important of them are:
- Islam is a true and logic God religion. It is the religion and mission of all God prophets to humanity since Adam, through Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Them All), that calls for worship Allah (God in English) as the one and only one God with no partner, no son, no companion, no associate, and no equivalence.
- Islam calls for justice among all people irrelevant to their beliefs, colors, or social classes
- Islam calls for practicing good morals
- Islam honors human free will of choice and thinking
- Islam is against racism and discrimination based on color, culture, gender, or anything else except piety.
- Quran, Muslims holy book, is authentic as true God words without single letter change
- Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) is a true human model of good conduct. character, and leader in all aspects of human life.
- Quran scientific miracles had been validated only with current scientific discoveries and achievements.
- The Islamic principles control all aspects of human life in a way that lead to both individual benefits and society benefits in a wonderful balance
- Muslim traders who were traveling every where and demonstrating the good morals and principles of Islam
- The deviations of former religions from the main call of all God prophets to worship God (Allah) as one and only one God without a partner, son, father, partner, or companion.
Some claim that Islam was spread by war or by sword. This is a false argument for many reasons. One of these reasons is that the Muslim country of the biggest population is Indonesia while Muslims never invaded Indonesia. The claim that Islam spread by war or by sword is a false claim and is a lie propagated by enemies of Islam. For more information on this refer to related questions below.
Why did the us take military action against the Taliban in Afghanistan?
U.S. Intelligence had long known that the Taliban in Afghanistan harboured and aided Al Qaeda who were responsible for the 9/11 attacks in New York City, Washington D.C. and Pennsylvania. Furthermore they knew that Al Qaeda was responsible for previous attacks on U.S. foreign interests, U.S. warships and even targets in the U.S. during the years leading up to 9/11. The U.S. military carried out air strikes previous to our 2002 invasion of Afghanistan during several separate operations all aimed at crippling Al Qaeda operations, destroying training camps and killing leadership including Osama Bin Laden. After 9/11 it was clear that taking down the Taliban government and facilitating a new government in Afghanistan would aid in stabilizing the region (stopping the Taliban from continuing their heinous crimes towards their people) and allow us to carry out large join operations aimed at completely dissolving Al Qaeda, killing any and all members and leaders and completely disrupting their communications network and ability to operate from several locations in the Middle East. In the most simplest of terms, the U.S. took military action in Afghanistan to ensure our national security.
How do Muslims treat the people they conquer?
Answer 1
They treated them with tolerance, kindness, and respect. Muslims secured their lives, their freedom to practice their religions, their equal rights in living, working, education, practicing their ritual worships, having properties, ... etc. Refer to questions below for more information.
Answer 2
Muslims are different of Islam. there are different sects and cults of Muslims. and each of them have different interpret of Islam and each claim to have real Islam. some of them treated well and some bad. some of them even forced conquered people to kill each other. and some other treated with peace. but Islam says conquered people should accept Islam or pay a tax (Jaziyah) and remain on their own religion.
Answer 3
The Jizya; paid by non Muslims; is a kind of payment by non Muslim for as kind of participation in the military expenses and in return they are exempted from the military service. That is why it was paid only by those who are capable of doing military service but exempted from doing it. That is why it was not imposed on women, children, old or sick non Muslims. The jizya was cancelled when non Muslims agreed to participate in the military service. The Kharaj was paid by all people; Muslims and non Muslims. So, there no aspect of non Muslim humiliation)
All Islam sects believe in Allah as the one and only one God, believe in Quran and in prophet Muhammad; peace be upon him; perform the daily prayers, fast Ramadan days, and perform hajj. They differ only on some side issues that are not relevant to basic Islam fundamentals and rules. regarding Jyzia,
Refer the hint on on Expert Answer above
The Islamic Empire promoted Islam in conquered lands but tolerated the culture, religion, and science of non-Muslims
What role did trade play in the muslim empire?
THE Islamic empire used trade as a way to spread Islam,the muslims traders when they went to place to trade in it they had two jobs the first one trade and the second one to tell pepole about the Islam so they can know about it so they can be muslims
What did Muslim scholars in the empire of Mali teach students?
The question is not clear what kind of teaching asking for. Of course they are teaching students:
- the different physical sciences including mathematics, biology, chemistry, ...
- the human sciences including history, geography, psychology, ... and
- religious topics including Quran, Sunnah (prophet Muhammad sayings and practices), Islamic history, and other Islamic teachings. Refer to related question below.
What are the similarities in the history of Christianity and Islam?
In reality, there really is no similarity/commonality to best describe the Christian beliefs of God to the Muslim Islamic belief.
Christianity has both the Old and New Testaments to live by. Islam believes both OT and NT have been partially corrupted in transmission while the Koran is believed by Muslims to be the final and infallible revelation of God's will.
Though Muslims believe in God which they call Allah, Islam teaches that Allah is all-powerful, sovereign and 'unknowable' while Christianity teaches the Creator God to be revealed as merciful, compassionate and knowable (see Jeremiah 9:24 and John 17:3).
The Christian text teaches the God of the Old Testament was the Word and it was He who Abraham and the other patriarchs and prophets worshiped. Islam teaches the Word, aka Jesus 'as one of perhaps 124,000 messengers of prophets Allah has sent and is one of the 25 listed in the Koran - but He is not the redeemer' (Marvin Olasky, "Islam vs. Liberty," World, Sept 10, 2011).
All in all, there are more differences and conflicts between the Christian texts and the Muslim text, as well as the Koranic conflicts with secular history.
What are some laws imposed by the Taliban?
- Women should not appear in the streets without a blood relative and without wearing a Burqa (also Burkha, Burka or Burqua).
- Women should not wear high-heeled shoes as no man should hear a woman's footsteps lest it excite him.
- Women must not speak loudly in public as no stranger should hear a woman's voice.
- All ground and first floor residential windows should be painted over or screened to prevent women being visible from the street.
- The photographing or filming of women was banned as was displaying pictures of females in newspapers, books, shops or the home.
- The modification of any place names that included the word "women." For example, "women's garden" was renamed "spring garden".
- Women were forbidden to appear on the balconies of their apartments or houses.
- Ban on women's presence on radio, television or at public gatherings of any kind.
Where did the Islamic civilization rose?
Islam is an Arabic word that means submission and surrender to God (as the one and only one God). In this universal meaning, Islam emerged by the universe creation where all God creatures were created under their submission (Islam) to God. Upon start of mankind, they are taught through God prophets to be on full submission (Islam) to God.
All prophets; including Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad; call their people for full submission (Islam) to and worshiping the one and only one God, the Creator, with no partner, no son, no father, no companion, no associate, and no equivalence (defined as monotheism).
In this sense:
- Islam per God revelation of Torah to Moses is called Judaism.
- Islam per God revelation of the bible to Jesus is called Christianity.
- Islam per God revelation of Quran to Muhammad is called the same name Islam.
Islam religion per Quran revelation to prophet Muhammad (PBUH) emerged in year 610 AD by God revelation of first verses of Quran to prophet Muhammad through the angel Gabriel (Jibril). Its spread continued after prophet Muhammad (PBUH) migration from Makkah (or Mecca) to Medina (in the current Saudi Arabia country) until became the major religion in around 50 countries in the world and minor religion in almost all other world countries.
What was saladin's contributions?
Saladin revitalized the economy of Egypt, reorganized the military forces and stayed away from any conflicts with Nur ad-Din, his formal lord. He waited until Nur ad-Din's death before starting serious military actions: at first against smaller Muslim states, then against the Crusaders.
What contributions did the islamic civilization make to the world?
Most of their contributions were in medieval age, they were the master of chemistry (known as alchamy backthen),biology, surgery, math, algorithms, algebra etc.
What part of Spain was conquered by the moors in the 700's?
Spain was conquered my the Moors (also known as African Spaniards) who were North African Muslims. They ruled for over 700 years until they were driven out by Christian armies.
Hope this helps!
R. Rhodes
What are some historical events and figures of Islam?
Judaism:
2035 B.C. - Abraham born.
1960 B.C. - Abraham leaves Haran for Canaan.
1935 B.C. - Isaac born.
1875 B.C. - Jacob born.
1767 B.C. - Joseph sold to Egyptians.
1745 B.C. - Jacob and family move to Egypt.
Egyptian bondage and the Exodus under Moses:
1610 B.C. - Moses born.
1530 B.C. - The Exodus from Egypt. Israel crosses the Red Sea.
- The Law is given to Moses on Mount Sinai.
Israel given The Promised Land:
1490 B.C. - The Hebrews enter Canaan.
980 B.C. - David becomes King of Israel.
930 B.C. - The first Temple completed in Jerusalem.
900 B.C. - The nation is divided into the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah.
Assyrian & Babylonian captivities and the Return:
722 B.C. - Israel (Northern Kingdom) conquered by Assyria.
586 B.C. - Judah (Southern Kingdom) conquered by Babylon. Jerusalem destroyed, including the first Temple, and the Jews exiled to Babylon.
538 B.C. - The exiles return to Jerusalem from Babylon.
516 B.C. - The second Temple dedicated.
444 B.C. - The walls of Jerusalem completed.
350 B.C. - Persians capture Jerusalem.
332 B.C. - Jerusalem conquered by Alexander the Great.
170 B.C. - The King of Syria, Antiochus Epiphanes, plunders Jerusalem.
168 B.C. - The Maccabean revolt.
165 B.C. - Hasmonean Jews, led by the Maccabees, recapture Jerusalem and rededicate the Temple, now celebrated annually at Hanukah.
80 B.C. - The Maccabees defeated by the Romans.
63 B.C. - Jerusalem conquered by Pompey, who makes Jerusalem a Roman province.
37 B.C. - Herod appointed King in Jerusalem by Rome.
20 B.C. - Herod begins restoration of the 2nd Temple.
Please note: Jesus is not a Jewish figure, but a Christian. Jews are forbidden from worshiping him. Any "Jew" who does so is disqualified from being Jewish.
66-73 - The Jewish revolt against the Romans.
66 - Jewish Zealots capture Masada from the Romans.
Worldwide Dispersion/Diaspora:
70 - Jerusalem and the Temple destroyed by the Romans who begin expelling the Jews from The Land.
73 - Masada, the last stronghold of the Jewish rebellion, falls to the Romans.
135 - The Bar Kokhba revolt is defeated by the Romans, who kill over 580,000 Jews.
- Jerusalem is rebuilt and renamed Aelia Capitolina, from which all Jews are banned.
- Judea is renamed Syria Palestina (Palestine), from which all Jews are banned.
306 - The Spanish Synod of Elvira forbids Christians to eat with Jews or to intermarry with them.
324 - Jerusalem under Byzantine rule.
326 - Queen Helena, the mother of Byzantine Emperor Constantine, visits Jerusalem and starts building churches, including The Church of The Holy Sepulchre.
362 - Julian the Apostate allows Jews to return to Jerusalem.
395 - The Roman Empire is partitioned into Eastern and Western divisions. Palestine comes under the Eastern division.
570 - Birth of Mohammed.
Please note: Mohammed was/is not a Jewish figure. Jews are forbidden from worshiping him. Any "Jew" who does so is disqualified from being Jewish.
614 - Jerusalem conquered by Persians.
624 - Mohammed executes all Jewish males in Medina, levies a tax on all Jews in Khybar, and changes the prayer direction of his followers from Jerusalem to Mecca.
627 - Mohammed executes all Jewish men in Qurayzah and sells their women and children as slaves.
629 - Jerusalem is retaken by the Byzantines. Jews are banned from Jerusalem by Bishop Modestos, the Christian Patriarch of Jerusalem.
632 - Death of Mohammed.
633 - Jews are banned from Jerusalem by Bishop Sophronius, the Christian Patriarch of Jerusalem.
637 - Muslim conquest of Jerusalem.
638 - Muslim conquest of Palestine.
650 - The compilation of Mohammed's Koran is completed.
691 - The Dome of the Rock is completed on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem.
701 - The Al Aqsa Mosque is completed on the Temple Mount.
747 - An earthquake hits Jerusalem, collapsing part of the Dome of the Rock.
771 - Another earthquake hits Jerusalem and the Temple Mount.
813 - Another earthquake hits Jerusalem.
969 - Egyptian Fatimids take control of Jerusalem.
1012 - The Jews are expelled from part of the Rhineland.
1033 - Another earthquake hits Jerusalem.
1066 - Jews enter Britain for the first time.
1077 - Jerusalem captured by the Turks.
1096 - The Crusaders massacre Jews in the Rhineland.
1099 - The First Crusade captures Jerusalem. The Jews fight alongside the Arabs, defending Jerusalem from the Crusaders.
1144 - Anti-Jewish riots in England.
1146 - Christians volunteering to fight in the Second Crusade were decreed to be released from all debts owed to Jews.
1168 - A Jewish massacre in England.
1170 - The Third Crusade. Jews were accused of the infamous "Blood Libel" and massacred.
1181 - Another Jewish massacre in England.
1182 - King Phillip of France expelled Jews, confiscated their property, turned synagogues into churches, and forced Jews to wear identification badges.
1187 - The Muslim, Saladin, takes Jerusalem from the Crusaders.
1189 - Jewish massacres throughout England at the coronation of Richard the Lionhearted.
1190 - Another Jewish massacre in England.
1192 - Richard the Lionheart fails to re-conquer Jerusalem.
1212 - 300 English and French Rabbis settle in Jerusalem.
1215 - The Fourth Lateran Council requires Jews to wear distinctive clothing for easy identification, and bars them from holding civil office.
1222 - The Synod of Oxford, England requires Jews to wear an identifying patch.
1229 - Crusaders conquer Jerusalem.
1239 - Muslims re-conquer Jerusalem.
1240 - The Paris Disputation.
1242 - The burning of the Talmud in Paris.
1243 - Crusaders re-conquer Jerusalem.
1244 - Jerusalem sacked by Tartars.
1247 - Jerusalem conquered by Egyptian Mamelukes.
1255 - A Massacre of Jews in England.
1259 - Jerusalem sacked by the Mongols.
1264 - Jewish persecution sweeps England.
1276 - The Jews expelled from upper Bavaria.
1278 - Jews arrested throughout England and their property confiscated, 300 hanged.
1288 - Massacre of local Jews in Troyes, France.
1290 - The Jews expelled from England by Edward I. 16,000 left, beginning 350 years of Jewish exile from England.
1306 - Phillip the Tall expelled 100,000 Jews from France and confiscated their property.
1322 - The Spanish Synod of Valladolid demands intolerance toward the Jews.
1329 - The Spanish Synod of Tarragona demands intolerance toward the Jews.
1335 - The Synod of Salamanca forbids employment of Jewish doctors.
1347 - Jerusalem conquered by the Mamelukes again.
1348-49 - Anti-Jewish riots in Poland.
1351-1353 - The bubonic plague hits Jerusalem.
1391 - Anti-Jewish riots and massacres in Spain, 50,000 Jews murdered in Castile. The Jews required to wear distinctive clothing for identification.
1394 - The Jews again expelled from France.
1407 - Anti-Jewish riots in Poland.
1421 - The Jews in Vienna had their possessions confiscated, their children forcibly converted. 270 Jews were burned at the stake.
1424 - The Jews expelled from Cologne.
1432 - The Jews expelled from Saxony.
1435 - The Jews expelled from Spires and Zurich.
1438 - The Jews expelled from Mainz.
1439 - The Jews expelled from Augsburg.
1442 - The Jews expelled from Bavaria.
1454 - The Jews expelled from the crown cities of Moravia.
1478 - The Inquisition established to exterminate heretics, including Jews.
1485 - The Jews expelled from Perugia, Italy.
1486 - The Jews expelled from Vicenza, Italy.
1489 - The Jews expelled from Milan and Lucca, Italy.
1490 - The Jews expelled from Geneva, Switzerland. Hebrew Bibles burned by the Inquisition in Spain.
1492 - 300,000 Jews expelled from Spain. Christopher Columbus watched them leaving in ships as he was leaving to discover the New World.
1494 - The Jews expelled from Florence and all Tuscany. Anti-Jewish riots in Poland.
1495 - The Jews expelled from Cracow and Lithuania.
1497 - The Jews expelled from Portugal, Sicily, and Sardinia.
1502 - The Jews expelled from Rhodes
1506 - The Jews again expelled from Portugal.
1516 - The first Jewish ghetto in Venice. Jerusalem surrenders to Ottoman Sultan Selim, the beginning of 400 years of Ottoman rule.
1541 - The Jews expelled from Naples. Suleiman the Magnificent completes the walls around Jerusalem.
- Jerusalem's Golden Gate is sealed to prevent The Messiah's entrance.
1543 - Martin Luther writes his 200-page pamphlet, "Against the Jews and Their Lies".
1555 - In Spain, all copies of the Jewish Scriptures in Spanish are seized and burned.
- All Jews in Rome are forced onto the left bank of the Tiber River and surrounded by a wall.
1556 - Earthquake in Jerusalem.
1593 - Pope Clement VIII banished Jews from the Vatican State.
1648 - 100,000 Jews massacred in Poland and 700 Jewish communities destroyed in the Ukraine.
1670 - The Jews expelled from France again after Blood Libel charges.
1719 - Rhode Island excludes Jews from voting and from holding public office.
1775 - Pope Pius VI issues edict to suppress the Jewish religion.
1791 - Tsarist Russia confines the Jews to the "Pale of Settlement" between the Black Sea and the Baltic Sea.
1798 - Napoleon Bonaparte visits the Holy Land.
1799 - Napoleon Bonaparte encouraged the return of the Jews to their land in Palestine.
1831 - Jerusalem conquered by Mohammed Ali of Egypt.
1838 - British Consulate opened in Jerusalem.
1840 - Jerusalem again under Turkish control.
- In Damascus, anti-Jewish pogroms initiated by the Roman Catholic Franciscans.
- British foreign secretary, Lord Palmerston, strongly recommended to the Ottoman government ruling Palestine that they should encourage the Jews of Europe to return to Palestine.
1844 - First official census confirms a Jewish majority in Jerusalem.
1854 - The Crimean War begins over disputes regarding Jerusalem.
1861-1865 - During the American Civil War, Jews of both North and South were accused of aiding the enemy, smuggling, profiteering, and draft-dodging.
1867 - Mark Twain visits Palestine.
1879 - The word "anti-Semitism" was coined by Wilhelm Marr in Germany.
Moving toward the Restoration of the Nation of Israel:
1871-1882 - The first Jewish agricultural settlements in Palestine.
1881-1924 - 2,500,000 Jews flee persecution in Eastern Europe. Many come to the USA, some migrate to Palestine.
1881-1882 - "Hovevei Zion" (Lovers of Zion) organization established in Russia to encourage Jewish emigration to the Promised Land.
1881 - Eliezer Ben Yehuda, "The Father of Modern Hebrew", moves to Palestine and promotes the Hebrew language.
- "Hibbat Zion", a Jewish Zionist movement established.
1882 - The First Aliya (the Hebrew word for "Ascending"); 12,000 Russian Jewish refugees move to Palestine.
- Leon Pinsker publishes "Autoemancipation", calling for the establishment of a Jewish Nation.
- The first International Anti-Jewish Congress meets in Dresden.
1885 - Nathan Birnbaum coins the term, "Zionism" in a periodical.
1890 - The Hebrew Language Committee is founded by Eliezer Ben Yehuda.
1891 - Over 10,000 Jews expelled from Moscow. 110,000 Jews flee Russia due to persecution.
- The "Blackstone Memorial": a petition presented to President Benjamin Harrison by preacher William E. Blackstone and signed by 413 prominent Americans, including the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, called for American support for giving "Palestine back to the Jews".
1892 - 137,000 Jews flee Russia due to persecution.
1894-1895 - In Paris, Jewish army captain, Alfred Dreyfus is convicted of treason in a rigged trial, touching off a wave of French anti-Semitism. The trial is covered by a Jewish Austrian journalist, Theodor Herzl, who is moved by it to seek a Zionist solution to anti-Semitism.
1896 - Theodor Herzl, an Austrian journalist, writes "The Jewish State", a book proposing a Jewish homeland in Palestine as a solution to European anti-Semitism.
1897 - The First Zionist Congress in Basel, Switzerland, during which Herzl writes, "Today I founded the Jewish State."
- The Zionist Organization is founded and Theodor Herzl is elected it's president.
1898 - The Second Zionist Congress, during which the colors of the Jewish prayer shawl, blue stripes on white, are proposed for the Zionist flag.
1899 - The Third Zionist congress, adopts a complete constitution.
1900 - The Fourth Zionist Congress.
1901 - The Fifth Zionist Congress.
- The Jewish National Fund is established to buy land in Palestine.
1903 - The Sixth Zionist Congress.
- The spurious "Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion" is first published in Russia to justify anti-Semitic actions.
1904 - The Second Aliya; made up of Jews escaping pogroms in Russia and Poland.
- The death of Theodor Herzl.
- The book "Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion" produced by Russian Secret Police to imply a Jewish conspiracy to rule the world.
1905 - The Seventh Zionist Congress.
- More than 400 Jews are massacred in 4 days in Odessa, Russia.
- Henry Ford publishes his anti-Jewish beliefs in a series of newspaper articles entitled, "The International Jew".
1907 - The Eighth Zionist Congress.
1908 - The Zionist Organization opens an office in Jaffa.
1909 - Tel Aviv is founded, the first modern Jewish city.
- The first Hebrew High School is formed in Jerusalem.
- The Ninth Zionist Congress.
- The first Kibbutz, Degania, is founded on the shores of Lake Kinnerret (The Sea of Galilee).
1911 - The Tenth Zionist Congress.
1913 - The Eleventh Zionist Congress.
1915 - The Ku Klux Klan, a white supremacy organization, was reorganized and espoused anti-Semitism.
1917 - Britain issues the Balfour Declaration, endorsing a Jewish state in Palestine.
- British rule in Palestine begins and General Allenby enters Jerusalem.
1918 - General Allenby defeats the Turks at Meggido, ending 400 years of Turkish rule in Palestine.
- Adolph Hitler, while in a sanitarium recovering from a mustard gas poisoning, hears voices telling him that the Jews are the source of all evil.
1919-1923 - The Third Aliya; 20,000 Jewish immigrants from Russia and Poland.
1919 - All Jewish religious communities in Russia are dissolved, their property is confiscated, most of their synagogues are closed, and the study of Hebrew is banned.
1920 - Adolph Hitler begins using the terms, "extirpation", "annihilation", and "extermination" concerning the Jews.
- Arab Anti-Jewish massacre and rapes in the Jewish Quarter of Jerusalem.
- At the San Remo Conference in Italy, the Allied Powers award Britain administration of the Mandate of Palestine on the condition that the Balfour Declaration of 1917 be implemented.
1921 - The Twelfth Zionist Congress.
- Arabs murder and pillage Jews in Jerusalem, Jaffa and other towns in Palestine.
- Jewish immigration to Palestine suspended by the British.
- Adolph Hitler becomes president of the National Socialist (Nazi) Party in Germany.
1921/22 - Britain divides Palestine, creating the nation of TransJordan in the area east of the Jordan River (76% of Palestine).
1922 - A joint resolution of the United States Congress on June 30 endorses the concept of the Jewish national home.
- The League of Nations grants Britain the Mandate of Palestine, citing the Balfour Declaration in it's preamble.
- American colleges and medical schools limit the number of Jews admitted.
1923 - The Thirteenth Zionist Congress.
1924-1930 - The Fourth Aliya; 80,000 Polish Jews immigrate to Palestine.
1925 - The Fourteenth Zionist Congress. Hebrew University opens in Jerusalem.
1927 - The Fifteenth Zionist Congress.
1929 - The Sixteenth Zionist Congress.
- After 1929, Henry Ford provides the finances to carry the early Nazi Party through it's initial difficult years.
1931 - The Seventeenth Zionist Congress.
1932 - First issue published of "The Palestine Post" newspaper (later called "The Jerusalem Post").
- The King David Hotel is opened in Jerusalem.
1933/34 - The German parliament gives full powers to Adolph Hitler.
1933-1945 - The Holocaust.
1933-1939 - The Fifth Aliya; mainly from Germany.
1933 - The Eighteenth Zionist Congress.
- Dachau concentration camp is opened for the confinement of "undesirables" - mostly Jews.
1935 - The Nineteenth Zionist Congress.
- Adolph Hitler reclassifies the Jews as "untermensch" (sub-human), depriving them of citizenship.
- The Nuremberg Laws exclude Jews from public life, German citizenship, and certain occupations.
1936 - Germans vote in favor of Adolph Hitler by 98.8%.
1937 - The Twentieth Zionist Congress.
- The Peel Commission recommends partition of Palestine into Jewish and Arab states.
1938 - Aliya B; illegal immigration of Jews from Europe begins.
- Nov. 9th: Kristallnacht, "The Night of Broken Glass". 7,000 Jewish shops looted, 267 synagogues burned down.
1939-1945 - World War Two
1939 - Britain issues the "White Paper", restricting Zionist activity in Palestine, limiting Jewish immigration, and reneging on it's promise of supporting a Jewish State.
- Twenty-first Zionist Congress.
- Nazi Germany adopts a master plan to liquidate all Jews in Europe.
1941 - The Germans first use gas chambers at Auschwitz.
- Jews in German territories required to wear a yellow star for identification.
1942 - In Berlin on January 20, the establishment of the "Final Solution" to exterminate the Jews of Europe.
1946 - The Twenty-second Zionist Congress.
- Thousands of Nazi war criminals flee into Arab countries, primarily Egypt and Syria.
1947 - UN Resolution 181 calls for partition of the land into a Jewish state and an Arab State, and the internationalization of Jerusalem - accepted by the Jews and rejected by the Arabs.
The State of Israel:
1948 - Britain leaves Palestine and the Jews declare their independence (May 14th), which starts the next day. The United States is the first nation to recognize the new State of Israel.
- The War of Independence starts immediately after Israel's Declaration of Independence. Israel is invaded by five Arab nations as 750,000 Jews living in Arab countries are forced to flee to Israel.
- The first census in Israel; 716,700 Jews and 156,000 non-Jews.
1948-1951 - 1,000,000 Jews move to Israel, mostly from Europe and Arab countries.
1949 - Israel's Knesset moves to Jerusalem from Tel Aviv.
- Israel declares Jerusalem it's capital.
- Operation Magic Carpet; aliya of Jews from Yemen.
1950 - Israel's Knesset passes the "Law of Return", giving citizenship to any Jew in the world who moves to Israel.
1951 - King Abdullah of Jordan is assassinated on the Temple Mount by Arab extremists.
1956 - The Sinai War, lasting 100 hours. The Jews deported from Egypt.
1958 - On Israel's 10th anniversary it has 2,000,000 citizens.
1964 - Creation of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).
1965 - The Roman Catholic Church exonerates modern Jews from guilt in the murder of Jesus Christ.
1967 - The Six-Day War (June 6-11). Israel gains control of East Jerusalem, including the Old City, and the Golan Heights, the Gaza Strip, the Sinai Peninsula, along with Judea and Samaria (the "West Bank").
- Israel's Knesset formally annexes East Jerusalem, including the Old City, into the State of Israel.
- In Hebron, the tombs of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob are opened to non-Muslims for the first time in 700 years.
- In August, Arab leaders gather at the Khartoum Conference and adopt the policy of "The Three No's": No peace with Israel, No negotiations with Israel, and No recognition of Israel.
- November 22, the UN Security Council adopts Resolution 242, which includes calling for Arab countries to recognize Israel.
1972 - Palestinian terrorists kill 11 Israeli athletes at the Munich Olympics.
1973 - The Yom Kippur War.
- October 22, the UN Security Council adopts Resolution 338, which reaffirms Resolution 242 and calls for negotiations between Israel, Jordan and Egypt.
1975 - The UN General Assembly declares "Zionism is Racism" in Resolution 3379.
1977 - Egyptian President Anwar Sadat visits Jerusalem.
1979 - Israel and Egypt sign peace accords at Camp David.
1980 - The Knesset passes the Basic Law, "Jerusalem: Capital of Israel".
1981 - Israel destroys Iraq's Osiraq nuclear reactor.
- Islamic Extremists assassinate Egyptian President Anwar Sadat.
1984 - Operation Moses airlifts 7,000 Ethiopian Jews to Israel.
1989-1998 - 800,000 Russian Jews immigrate to Israel as the Soviet Union collapses.
1991 - Operation Solomon: massive airlift of 14,400 Jews from Ethiopia in 25 hours.
- The UN repeals the "Zionism is Racism" resolution.
1994 - Israel and Jordan sign peace agreement.
1997 - U.S. Congress recognizes Jerusalem as Israel's "United Capital"
Why do you think Richard and saladin signed a truce?
Richard-I and Saladin entered a failed negotiation for the return of the True Cross to the Crusaders in exchange for the lives of 3,000 Muslim prisoners. Saladin wanted to stall and not hand over a relic which would only embolden Richard and his troops in their attack on Jerusalem.
They would later enter a secret negotiation (also failed) involving marrying off Richard's sister to Saladin's brother Alahdeel (sp?). Which failed due to the siblings problems with the faith of their prospective political betroved.
The one successful negotiation involved ending the conflict after Saladin's failed counterattack at the port of Jaffe. With both armies exhausted, they would end the wars of the third crusade and Richard would keep the conquered cities of Acre and Jaffe while Saladin would keep everything else in his empire.
How the Muslim empire expanded though military conquests and caliphs?
Under the last of the Umayyad , the Arabian empire extended two hundred days' journey from east to west, from the confines of Tartary and India to the shores of the Atlantic Ocean . And if we retrench the sleeve of the robe, as it is styled by their writers, the long and narrow province of march of a caravan . We should vainly seek the indissoluble union and easy obedience that pervaded the government of Augustus and the Antonines ; but the progress of Islam diffused over this ample space a general resemblance of manners and opinions. The language and laws of the Quran were studied with equal devotion at Samarcand and Seville : the Moor and the Indian embraced as countrymen and brothers in the pilgrimage of Mecca ; and the Arabian language was adopted as the popular idiom in all the provinces to the westward of the Tigris .
The Muslim conquests brought about the collapse of the Sassanid Empire and a great territorial loss for the Byzantine Empire . The reasons for the Muslim success are hard to reconstruct in hindsight, primarily because only fragmentary sources from the period have survived. Most historians agree that the Sassanid Persian and Byzantine Roman empires were militarily and economically exhausted from decades of fighting one another . The rapid fall of Visigothic Spain remains more mysterious however.
Jews and Christians in Persia and Jews and Monophysites in Syria were dissatisfied and sometimes even welcomed the Muslim forces, largely because of religious conflict in both empires.[2] In the case of Byzantine Egypt , Palestine and Syria , these lands had only a few years before been reacquired from the Persians, and had not been ruled by the Byzantines for over 25 years.
Fred McGraw Donner , however, suggests that formation of a state in the peninsula and ideological (i.e. religious) coherence and mobilization was a primary reason why the Muslim armies in the space of a hundred years were able to establish the largest pre-modern empire until that time. The estimates for the size of the Islamic Caliphate suggest it was more than thirteen million square kilometers (five million square miles), making it larger than all current states except the Russian Federation .[3]
How did the early history of Islam begin?
This is a very short summary:
GOD or in Arabic (ALLAH) sent an angel (Gabriell) to the prophet Muhammad to teach him about Islam so that the prophet could send the message to all people at first the prophet Muhammad was scared because it was the first time he saw Gabriell but after a while he knew that he was chosen to send this message to the world at first he started it secretly for about 3 years then he came out publicly a lot of people thought it was because he wanted money and power. At first people thought that this wouldn't last long but everyday Islam grew in no. and in power so people started torturing those who entered Islam.When the prophet saw the pain that the Muslims suffered he decided that they should travel to a place where no one would harm them and so they did travel to a place called madyna and continued to grow in power but a lot of people did not like this so they decided to fight the Muslims but from the first fight they lost and Muslims won even though Muslims were less than them in no. after that god wanted the prophet to let everybody that lived know about Islam so the prophet Muhammad would go to each country and ask them to teach people about Islam but all of them refused the prophet would give the country 3 days to think if still the answer was no he would have to invade it so that people could learn about Islam.
p.s : when the prophet went to war he ordered the Muslims not to kill or hurt a woman or a child or an old man and even not to cut a tree or set anything on fire he basically told them to fight the army who was fighting them.
very very short summary
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Islam started with start of universe creation. refer to question below.
