Lutheran

Not much, by itself, other than getting Luther into trouble. Written in latin, one copy was nailed to a Church door in Wittenberg and another was sent to Albert of Brandenburg, the uneducated twenty year old Archbishop of Mainz. The theses themselves attacked the sale of indulgences as sold by Johann Ttetzel, an Augustinian indulgence-seller who had been doing the rounds in the region peddling his particularly potent brand of pardons. Tetzel claimed that his indulgences could not only buy the forgiveness of sins and time off purgatory but release souls from the latter and forgive all the sins of the purchaser; effectively, he was selling trips to heaven. Tetzel was not a typical example of indulgence sellers, but he was the product of a Catholic doctrine which Luther had already formed ideas in contradiction of several years beforehand; Salvation through faith and good works. Luther had come to believe that salvation could be attained through faith alone (sola fide), good works being an expression of one's faithful nature. The technical basis for indulgences was that, being a 'good work' (provision of funds to the Church, a charitable organisation) indulgences were a quick way to reduce time spent in purgatory because of their charitable status. On the other hand, in the context of sola fide, it was not strictly necessary to do good works to earn salvation, but it was expected. The vague differences between the positions did amount to much, and to the average person meant nothing. It would take a new perspective on the interpretation of scripture to get the ball rolling. This came in the wake of the Pope's heavy-handed reaction to Luther's technical hitch, a course encouraged by a furious Augustinian order. Sola Fide (the supremacy of scripture i.e. the Bible), would change Luther's world forever, as it would the lives of millions of others. But Luther had not yet arrived at this conclusion and as such, the 95 theses accomplished virtually nothing beyond setting him down the path to these new and more radical ideas.

The critical issue is the universities accreditation. California Lutheran University has the preferred regional accreditation by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges and is a College Board member. Therefore the coursework and degree you complete through this university will be recognized by all other colleges and universities as well as employers.

This is something that you will have to decide. Both institutions have the appropriate regional accreditation. Therefore, the coursework and degree you complete through either of these schools will be recognized by all other colleges and universities as well as employers. It will be a matter of preference and which one you feel better serves your personal needs, wants, and desires.

Traditionally, Lutherans have Holy Communion every Sunday (or Saturday evening), festival and Holy Day. Due to some movements within the Church in some places of the world, particulary Finland and the central United States, communion was practiced less frequently. Some congregations began to practice the sacrament either every other week or once a month unless it was a holy day. Bishops and district leaders, for the last few decades have been encouraging these congregations to return to the traditional practice of weekly Communion. Many have, and some are attempting to return to this norm. The resistence comes from some laity who believe that the Eucharist becomes "less special" when it is offered too frequently. One way that congregational leaders and pastors have tried to compromise is to offer communion every week at alternating service times, so that it is at least available every week. The historic Christian and Lutheran liturgies are formulated to include the sacrament of Holy Communion as one of it's two main events 1.Hearing of the Gospel and 2. Sharing of Holy Communion. The emerging realization, at the earging of Church leaders, is that most Lutherans would be greatly offended if the Gospel reading was only offered every other week or once a month. So, as time goes on, more and more Lutheran parishes practice weekly Communion.

Lutherans aren't even merged with each other, so the chances of them merging with the Catholic Church are slim to none.

England and Germany

Lutheranism is one of the first protestant denominations. They believe in the bible as the only authority on life, and that salvation comes from faith in God alone. Other than that, there are no specific rules. Each local branch has it's own customs.

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The parishioners in the pews will naturally be facing the altar by design in most church sanctuaries. You are singing praise to God (Gloria = glory - Patri = father), but there is no reason why people couldn't be facing each other ... it's a wonderful expression of joy to share amongst the greater community of faith ... and "witnessing" to each other can be just as meaningful.

Both. American Lutherans usually call their clerics "pastor." It is also common, while a little less common, for Lutheran a cleric to be called a "priest." In the European Lutheran countries, the term "priest" is almost always used to refer to the office while "Pastor" and "Father" are both common titles of respect (and "Mother" where the ordination of women is allowed.) "Pastor" means shepherd and refers to the all-encompassing nature of ministry and spiritual counsel. "Priest" tends to refer to the cleric's role as presider over sacraments, declarer of absolution and religious teacher of scripture and Church doctrine. So, both are appropriate. It depends on the country. The Lutheran churches of Scandinavia seem to use both "priest" and "pastor". However, in Australia and New Zealand, the term "priest" is never used, nor is "Father", but instead the term "Pastor" is used. "Priest" and "Pastor" are only used in reference to the Roman Catholic and the High Anglican churches. The formal name with the Lutheran church is "Reverend". Thus, one could refer to "Pastor Smith", "Reverend Smith" or even say "Reverend Smith is my pastor". The generic term is also "minister", i.e. a minister within the Lutheran church.

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The catholic "Mariä Lichtmess" (2nd February - Candlemas) is nearly unknown in Germany. Candlemas is a traditional Christian festival that commemorates the ritual purification of Mary 40 days after the birth of her son. It is called Candlemas because that was the day on which the year's supply of candles for the church were blessed.

Marcos de Niza was a member of the Franciscan religious order. He was to explore to see the 7 cities, and see if the tales and legends were true. He was the leader of the expedition.

Martin Luder was a lawschool student who obtained a Bachelor Degree.

The Catholic Church convinced him to become a monk in their new monestary at Wittenburg's Castle Church; which spearheaded the Catholic goal of an Evangelical movement throughout Germanic tribes. The Wittenburg Seminary was founded by the Barefoot Monks and The Order of Saint Augustine of Hippo. Upon obtaining his Doctorate of Catholic Theology, the Catholic Church changed his name to Martin Luther as part of their sainthood process for those who were Doctors of the Church. Martin Luther served the Catholic Church as professor of Catholic theology at Wittenburg seminary, as an Augustinian Monk.

The Dean of Catholic Theology, Andreas Rudolph Bodenstein von Karlstadt, lead the Catholic Evangelical movement out of Wittenburg Seminary (Castle Church) and was asked to appear at Rome to address concerns. He instead, sent his most prominent pupil, Dr. Martin Luther in his place. Dr. Martin Luther was astounded by the herasies that he witnessed at the core of Western Catholicism surrounding the Church of Rome.

He realized contradictions in how Catholic theology was being taught to him in the seminary vs. how it was actually being practiced by clergy in local congregations. He wrote his 95 Thesis in Latin so that only clergy would be able to translate them; and take note of his concerns over the integrity of the Church. Someone, Latin speaking, got to it first and published it's concerns before the clergy were able to be its first observers.

The Electors of Saxony appointed by the Holy Roman Empire agreed with Dr. Martin Luther's assesment. They began the legal process of establishing a charter for independent Catholic Churches that wouldn't be loyal to the Church of Rome. Dr. Martin Luther was turned-down for debates at Rome with clergy there, but they did send a local German clergyman John Eke to debate Dr. Martin Luther instead. Karlstadt and John Calvin also participated in some of these debates. Many members of clergy sided with Dr. Martin Luther and began translating an authoritative German Bible, which Dr. Martin Luther lead and is sometimes called the Luther Bible with an Apendix (Apocrapha) containing in total 73-books, same in number as the Latin Vulgate. Unfortunately, Catholic Answers, and many other websites deliberately missrepresent this fact and often present false information to forward their cause against Dr. Martin Luther.

The Evangelical Church of Germany (EKD) was officially chartered in 1530 by the Electors of Saxony against the will of the Holy Roman Empire. A Papal Bull ordered an inquisition of those who refused to acknowledge the authority of Holy Roman Empire over the Catholic faith. A 30-Years War broke-out in the chaos and confusion, fracturing, and splitting Catholic congregations; forcing them into schism between local civil loyalty and loyalty to the Holy See of Rome. Evangelical Protestants emerged and Reformed Reformationist also emerged to combat the inquisitions lead by the military against its citizens. The Ottoman Turks became a more important threat to deal with and the inquisitions had to be haulted to preserve the Holy Roman Empire from Islamic domination. The Reformed theology congregations began establishing provincial charters in 1559.

Theology was argued over extensively between Catholic, Protestant, and Reformed congregations; to also include some Radical-Reformers. These four core doctrines were also joined by the British Empire under King Henry 8th who established the Church of England (Angilcan-Episcopal). Five core doctrines were established from traditional Catholicism: Catholic-Latin Rite/Roman Rite (Roman-Catholic), Anglican-Episcopal, Protestant, Reformed, and Radical. The Protestants are the smallest of these groups as they were geographically closetest to the strength of the Holy Roman Empire and Papacy; and have been persecuted heavily by modern era Socialists and Communists. The Reformed tradition became the largest in much of Europe and managed to pass laws by the late 1800's-early 1900's prohibiting the publication of Bibles with an Apocrapha or Deuterocanon, reducing Westernized Bibles to 66-books, nearly 400 years following Dr. Martin Luther's death (Catholic Answers dishonestly leaves this information out of their publications). Even the original King James Version (KJV) contained all 73-books accepted by Roman-Catholics. American Lutherans continued to use their German Bibles through the Great Depression and were largely unaffected by the 66-books, until English translations became necessary following a generational lack of German speaking congregations. American Lutherans today have an Apocrapha available as a companion to their English Bibles: KJV, NKJV, NIV, or ESV; which brings the 66-books up to the full 73-books.

that the Pope is infallible. that Mary died as a virgin, that you have to spend time in purgatory before going to heaven

Reformation