Nuclear Physics

Alpha particles have very weak penetrating power. They are heavy and charged, so they interact strongly with matter, causing ionization and losing energy quickly. Therefore, alpha particles can generally only travel a few centimeters in air and can be easily stopped by a sheet of paper or skin.

The type of atom is only changed if the proton number changes. Change in neutrons create an isotope, change in electrons create an ion and the change in protons change the atom (Hydrogen to Helium for example). Gamma radiation is the emission of a photon, of pure energy, it is neither positive or negative and it has nothing to do with the protons.

electromagnetic fields. These fields are generated by powerful magnets which create a strong magnetic field. The particles are then guided in circular paths, and as they pass through the electromagnetic field pulses, they gain energy and accelerate. This process is repeated multiple times to achieve the desired energy for the particles.

The density of water increases with depth due to the increase in pressure. As water molecules are packed closer together under high pressure, the density of water increases. Therefore, in deep water where the pressure is higher, the density of water is also higher.

You would have to contact the airline and explain why you wish to carry a Geiger counter with you. With current security and paranoia, they will probably only let you on board if you are a researcher and have a formal letter of request from your university or institute. There's no safety reason why they wouldn't allow it during the flight.

However, the last thing the airline want is someone scaring fellow passengers by telling them they are getting irradiated by cosmic radiation whilst they fly, without being educated enough to explain how minor the effects of this radiation really are...

For example, the annual dose (from cosmic radiation) for staff working on commercial aircraft is around 200mrem (2mSv). The annual dose for someone at ground level (from radioactive rock, cosmic radiation etc) is ~300mrem (3mSv). Add to this that people at ground level, in cities are probably breathing in carcinogenic fumes from cars, factories and smoking/passive smoking, it is probably more healthy to be in an aircraft! :)

An alpha particle consists of two protons and two neutrons, which is essentially the nucleus of a helium atom. It is relatively powerful due to its high kinetic energy and its large mass compared to other types of radiation. It can penetrate only a few centimeters in air and is stopped by a piece of paper or a few centimeters of human skin. However, it can cause significant damage if it enters the body through inhalation or ingestion.

It means that acceleration is constant.

This meaning that velocity is varying with respect to time, we see this by this formula (v - v(initial) ) / t (Time).

The force you apply to the mouse button to make it click is.

A reduction in the strength of a signal, the flow of current, flux, or other energy in an electronic system.

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) is widely used in modern medicine to image the body's internal structures in high contrast.

One new and still very experimental use is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: the stimulation of specific areas of the brain through electromagnetic induction. Repeated sessions have shown improvement in disorders such as depression and Parkinson's Disease. Altered states of consciousness, out of body states and religious experiences have been reported by human subjects.

gamma radiation is used in cancer treatment. the most common source of gamma radiation is.

If you put nuclear waste in a situation where groundwater can flow over it on the way to a water course, you will obviously get contamination. Nuclear waste stores have to be very carefully considered to find locations that are safe from water access.

We are not sure if the theorized Higgs boson is real or not. If it is, it would be provide some support to ideas about what mass (and, therefore, gravity, which is associated mass) really is. We're still looking for experimental support that the Higgs boson is real, and now that the Large Hadron Collider is up and running, all (interested) eyes are on CERN and awaiting results.

Nuclear energy as it is used to generate power can be dangerous. The nuclear reactors used to heat water to generate steam to spin turbines to generate electricity must be operated by individuals who know what they are doing. If something goes wrong, the duty crew must make all the right decisions and make them first time, every time. Failure to do so can cause structural elements of the core to fail and release both nuclear fuel and waste into the coolant passages in the core. (The fuel rods are designed to hold everything inside throughout the life of the fuel bundle.) This is what happened at Three Mile Island. Both mechanical failure and the failure of the duty crew to react correctly caused a meltdown. Spent fuel presents its own special problems. Fuel bundles must be recovered from the reactor and taken away and stored for an extremely long period of time before radiation levels are low enough to try to do anything with them. Fission byproducts are highly radioactive, and remain so for tens of thousands of years. Links are provided for further reading.

There is insufficient information in the question to answer it. You did not provide the list of "these". However, it seems obvious that the answer is the tides of the oceans are caused by the gravitational force between the Earth and the Moon, with the Sun also a significant part. Also, it is known that the Moon tends to keep the alignment of the Earth's axis with respect to the plane of the ecliptic relatively constant, stabilizing our seasons.

To be perfectly technical, the answer to this question would have to be 'yes', but

only because light and radio are the same physical phenomenon.

The optical fiber only conducts the electromagnetic waves that we usually describe as "light".

The waves that we normally describe as "radio" cannot pass through optical fiber.

A photon is a unit of light and has a mass of 0 where is a Neutrino has a small but nonzero mass. Neutrino's are similar to electrons in most regards, except neutrino's have no charge. Where photon's travel at the speed of light neutrino's come close but do not.

There is no evidence of a smaller particle than the quarks and electrons and other fundamental particles, but there is a theory of smaller particles called "rishons". The theory states that there are T, V, t, and v rishons. The T and t rishons are antoparticles, the T's having an electric charge of +1/3, and the t's having -1/3. The v and V are antiparticles, but they are both neutral. (Again, this is only theory.)

• mass number decreases by 4
• atomic number decreases by 2
• the nuclei recoil quite strongly (compared to other modes of decay) due to the large mass of the alpha particle