Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire ceased to exist as an empire in 1918. However, the Ottoman Sultanate continued in existence till 1922 and the caliphate until 1923 when it was abolished by the Republic of Turkey.

• Osman Gazi (1281-1326)

• Orhan Gazi (1326-1359)

• Murad Hüdavendigar (1359-1389, Murad I )

• Yıldırım Bayezid (1389 -1402)

• Sultan Birinci Mehmed (1403-1421, Çelebi)

• Sultan İkinci Murad (1421-1451)

• Fatih Sultan Mehmed (1451-1481, Mehmed II)

• Sultan İkinci Bayezid (1481-1512)

• Yavuz Sultan Selim (1512-1520)

• Kanuni Sultan Süleyman (1520-1566)

• Sultan İkinci Selim (1566-1574)

• Sultan Üçüncü Murad (1574-1595)

• Sultan Üçüncü Mehmed (1595-1603)

• Sultan Birinci Ahmed (1603-1617)

• Sultan Birinci Mustafa (1617-1618, 1622-1623)

• Sultan İkinci Osman (1618-1622, Genç Osman)

• Sultan Dördüncü Murad (1623-1640)

• Sultan İbrahim (1640-1648)

• Sultan Altıncı Mehmed (1648-1687)

• Sultan İkinci Süleyman (1687-1691)

• Sultan İkinci Ahmed (1691-1695)

• Sultan İkinci Mustafa (1695-1703)

• Sultan Üçüncü Ahmed (1703-1730)

• Sultan Birinci Mahmud (1730-1754)

• Sultan Üçüncü Osman (1754-1757)

• Sultan Üçüncü Mustafa (1757-1774)

• Sultan Birinci Abdülhamid (1774-1789)

• Sultan Üçüncü Selim (1789-1807)

• Sultan Dördüncü Mustafa (1807-1808)

• Sultan İkinci Mahmud (1808-1839)

• Sultan Birinci Abdülmecid (1839-1861)

• Sultan Abdülaziz (1861-1876)

• Sultan Beşinci Murad (1876)

• Sultan İkinci Abdülhamid (1876-1909)

• Sultan Beşinci Mehmed (1909-1918, Reşad)

• Sultan Altıncı Mehmed (1918-1922, Vahideddin)

Dmitry Medvedev is the current President of The Russian Federation. He is the head of state and the supreme commander-in-chief.

In the 14th century, several vigorous leaders expanded their territories east into central Anatolia and west across the Dardanelles (in 1356) onto European soil in the Byzantine lands of Macedonia and modern Bulgaria. Exchanging grants of revenue-producing conquered land (timars) for military service, the Ottomans built botha a formidable fighting force and a loyal military aristocracy.

The Ottoman Empire collapsed and disintegrated after World War 1. Many parts of it became independent countries, or League of Nations Mandates governed by the victorious French or English. The relatively small remainder became Turkey.

the economic boom of European industrialization made the ottoman empire's economy very weak as they lost their jobs due to cheaper products produced by European rivals. they borrowed from the European money lenders who forced them to join the war to help them for the money they lending to help pay the ottoman empires enormous debt.

According to Merriam-Webster, the word "ottoman" used to refer to furniture dates back from the early 1600s. The word comes from Turkey and the "Ottoman Empire," and the soft seating is a traditional kind of family seating in Turkey.

At the top were "men of the pen"- scientists, lawyers, etc. Then "men of the sword"- Soldiers, obviously. "Men of negotiation"- merchants, tax collectors, etc. "Men of husbandry"- Farmers and herders. Ascending.

Ottoman Empire ruled over a lot of different nations and groups and the ideology of nationalism made those nations & groups want to have their own land. They started a rebellion against the empire in order to become independent. Many of them succeeded.

After world war 1, The Ottoman Empire also lost with their allience Germany.

*After the Ottomans lost WWI, the lost most of their Arab land to France and England.

It was dissolved by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, the Founder of Turkey. Ataturk then founded The Republic of Turkey.

Due to a cultural set of mores that was not seen as productive. Also, they were completely behind in many fields of technology, industry, education, production and much else that what was a modern Europe appeared to be excelling at. The cultural legacy of the ottomans when contrasted withal any European power state is equal or more illustrious. What appeared as a childish fear of technologists now being heeded as a sound concern for all the steps we have taken toward a modern existence have robbed us of the simple, pleasurable human existence and set one and all upon a path of indentured servitude from birth....

because they were jealous about how good and smart the armenians were (and still are) so they made a plan to try and exterminate the armenians but couldn't do it. On April 24, 1915, the Turks got all of armenia's intellectuals and put them in a line and shot every single one of them. And, they took them through a desert on a death march and told the village people they were being taken to another place but really they were killing them slowly; if they asked for shoes because there feet were hot on the desert sand, they wood nail horse shoes onto there feet. If all this doesnt point straight to genocide and being straight up cruel, then i don't know what does. Im not saying the armenians didnt kill here and there, but the Turks are the ones who began the genocide on the Armenian people. And whats even worse is that their are proven facts that clearly show the genocide happening and the Turks still wont own up to there ancestors actions. That's just sad.

Abbasids were arabs, the ottomans turks. Both Islamic societies depended on taxes collected by appointees. Nepotism and corruption kept the Caliph/Sultan from effective control of revenues, losing the ablity to fiance their armies.

Suleiman the Magnificent was the Ottoman leader who was expert in many areas. He conquered eastern Europe. His influence is still felt today.

It controlled Russian supply routes.

Well, this is my opinion, Suleyman the Lawgiver both strengthened and weakened the Ottoman Empire by... he made sure all of his people were treated fairly, and when he conquered new lands, he let people practice their own religion. He also seeked council from his grand viziers, Ibrahim Pasha and his favorite wife, Roxelana. He weakened the empire by.. he sometimes disagreed with Ibrahim, and then Ibrahim choked him in his sleep, some say. This caused the empire to an end. Hope this info was helpful to you.

briefly, yes it did very much effect the Ottoman Empire and became one of the major reasons for its downfall....

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Although the Ottoman Empire is now generally thought of as being a Turkish Empire, the Ottomans identified themselves by language and religion more than by an ethnic identity. Although the Turks made up the largest portion of the population and had been the ones to establish the Empire, they had recognized early on that they would have to assimilate the subject populations and make use of their talents. Many of the most able managers and administrators of the empire were Greek, the merchants and traders were often Armenian, and for centuries the soldiers in its armies and the governors of whole provinces were raised from Christian children captured in the Balkans and raised in the Sultan's palace. The famous Grand Vizier Mehmet Sokollu Pasha was the son of Bosnian parents, and the Sultans themselves were frequently from non-Turkish mothers. All these people thought of themselves as "Ottomans" and most spoke Turkish.

In the 19th century, waves of nationalism swept Europe, with people who had always been the vassals of larger nations or who were part of cobbled together territories began to wish for countries of their own. For example, the people of the many cities and small kingdoms of Italy began to think of themselves as a single people "Italy" and began to think of "Italy" as a country instead of just a geographical expression. This led to the unification of some countries, like Italy or Germany, but caused great conflicts in others, such as the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires.

The Ottomans had never tried to forcibly convert any population to Islam or force any group to give up their language, so in some areas like Arabia and the Balkans there were large groups of subject people who had a different language and faith than their rulers. In some cases, like Serbia and Greece, the people had memories of independent kingdoms from before the Empire. As nationalist passion began to grow, it was encouraged by outside powers like Russia, Germany, and England who sought to unbalance the Empire.

The effects were disastrous for the Ottomans; in the Balkans countries declared and fought for independence and then fought each other over the borders. In trying to hold onto Macedonia the Ottoman inadvertently created the first modern terrorists, the IMRO, and were drawn into bloody and inconclusive battles and became demonized in the Western Press as "bloodthirsty Turks".

The worst situation, however, was in areas of the Ottoman heartland where Turks and other nations lived mixed together. A town which had once been 100% Ottoman and peaceful suddenly found itself a warring camp full of Armenian, Kurdish, Greek, and Arabic people. As it found itself pulled into WWI, the Ottomans were faced with movements among the Arabs, Kurds, and Armenians demanding independence or greater freedom and representation within the Empire.

During this period, the Ottomans committed a genocide against the Armenian people which tarnished the name of the Empire in the eyes of the world and history and still haunts the modern Turkish republic. Although the subject is still extremely controversial in Turkey and the use of the word "genocide" is forbidden by law, the facts are not in dispute by most scholars. The Armenians, an ancient Christian people who had lived in Asia Minor and the Caucasus for millenia, and who were found everywhere in the Empire (often as loyal servants of the Empire), were expelled from their homeland or murdered. Some modern Turkish scholars claim that the Armenian genocide was not intended, but that the Ottoman authorities had simply meant to resettle a population they believed was attempting to help the enemy during war and that the massive deaths were a result of either poor planning, unreliable soldiers, or Armenian resistance. Whether or not this is true, a crime of epic proportions took place.

A less atrocious but equally tragic population transfer took place after the war, when Greece and Turkey struck a devil's bargain to make their countries mono-ethnic, mono-linguistic modern nations. Millions of people were displaced as Turks from Greece (who might never have seen Turkey or spoken a word of Turkish) and Greeks from Turkey (whose ancestors had lived on the Anatolian Coast since pre-History) were forced to change places, leaving homes they had had for generations to go live among strangers. By this time the Ottoman Empire was dead, and the whittled down new country of Turkey, under the democratic and secular leader Ataturk, had just driven out a Greek army intent on annexing the entire extent of the old Byzantine Empire.

The new Turkey was modeled on the successful Western democracies, which meant that it was a secular republic with one language and one nationality. In the end, the Turks themselves had given in to nationalism, although Ataturk famously said that "anyone who speaks Turkish and calls himself a Turk is a Turk". This was much more tolerant than the national creeds in many countries, but even today Turkey has not managed to deal with the vexed issue of the people in its borders who do not want to speak Turkish or call themselves Turks. In the case of the Kurds, the largest ethnic group on earth without its own country, the problem of nationalism is still unsolved.

By conquering their Capital, Constantinople. Once this fell, the rest fell easily to Mehmed II .

The taking of Constantinople, though, was the actual end of the Byzantine Empire. They lost most of their Anatolian and European territories long before the fall of Constantinople. The Turks had an incredible command of modern military technologies and used fast and decisive naval vessels to attack Greek islands. They also had modern cavalry formations; modern artillery such as cannons, uniforms and flags to prevent friendly fire; generals who used innovative strategies; and incredible siege weapons.

Ottoman Empire was based in Istanbul, Turkey (for the second half of its existence).

The first ruler of Ottoman Empire was Osman I. The most famous rulers of this empire were Mehmet II the Conqueror (el-Fatih) and Sultan Suleiman I the Magnificent (al-Qanuni). The final ruler was Abdülmecid II.

The Ottoman Turks were followers of Sunni Islam.

Persian styles

Nearly every major Islamic holy city (with the exception of Moulay Idriss) has come under Ottoman control. (This includes the cities of Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem, Damascus, Cairo, Baghdad, An-Najaf (Shiites), Karbala (Shiites), etc.)

The two you are probably looking for are Mecca and Medina.