Political Science

It's fairly easy to argue that Karl Marx is the father of both heterodox economics generally and communist economics.

In my opinion, he also wrote the most systematic critique of capitalism ever produced (between Communist Manifesto, Grundrisse but mostly the seminal Kapital).

For example; for the sake of human rights and freedom of information sharing to achieve a better society/civilization, one can take upon oneself to change the "norm idea" that a government should do whatever it sees fit, or, who am I to involve in this, or, it is not our position to interfere. That way one or a group can go an playing the supressed citizen(s). On the other hand, one can choose to take a part and react, get involved, and participate in the process of human rights, civil society issues, and try to find answer to concerns "where is this country going to?."

The relationship of this chain reaction, in which each person counts, to International Relations is a quite clear one. Let me explain by an analogy:

At a neighborhood where everybody cleans in front of their own door, we will get a whole clean street. Therefore, the international community is like the whole street, and everybody's each separate door is like their own country. Each country is part and member of the international community: cleaning starts from and goes on by each and every member's participation.

By democracy, and by giving an extra attention to social and economic development, the International Relations will help provide regional stability, and international security. International Relations mainly aim to provide a strong commitment to human rights and the rule of law; it does this through many activities annd agreed upon treaties, also including of following the right norm ideas and changing the wrong norm ideas, in the aftermath of cold-war era.

Inference is important in political science because it allows researchers to draw conclusions based on data and evidence. It helps to uncover patterns and relationships within political phenomena, contributing to a deeper understanding of political systems, behaviors, and outcomes. Through inference, political scientists can make informed decisions, predict future events, and offer valuable insights to policymakers and the public.

Delegated powers can do whatever falls within the scope of their power itself. For example, if my delegated power is education, then this power gives me the ability to do anything within the sphere of education in my political jurisdiction.

A political goal for farmers historically has been to secure fair prices for their crops through government subsidies or price controls. More recently, farmers may also advocate for policies that promote sustainable agricultural practices and protect against the effects of climate change.

The cakes refer to the different types of federalism. The main concern is the sharing or separation of powers and the extent to which the State and Federal governments cooperate or compete. They are as follows

Layer Cake--Dual Federalism--1789 to 1860

Marble Cake--Cooperative Federalism-- 1930 to 1960

Pound Cake--Co-optive federalism-- 1960 to 1980

Crumble Cake--Competitive Federalism-- 1980 till Present

Representative democracy allows for more efficient decision-making by delegating authority to elected officials who can focus on policy issues full-time. It also ensures that decisions are made by individuals elected by the majority, providing a broader representation of voices and interests in the governance process. Additionally, representative democracy helps protect against the dangers of mob rule or the tyranny of the majority.

Advantages of meritocracy include promoting fairness, rewarding hard work and talent, and encouraging individuals to strive for success. Disadvantages include the potential for perpetuating inequality, overlooking systemic barriers, and creating a competitive environment that may lead to stress and burnout.

Democracy is a system of government by the whole population, or all eligible members of a state, through elected representatives. It aims for freedom and equality between all people, or a system of government based on this belief. In short, the objective isgovernment by the people

A Politition.

Joel Barlow was an author, editor, and poet who supported the Free Soil movement. He was known for his anti-slavery views and his work as a diplomat during the early years of the United States.

The East Asian miracle refers to the rapid economic growth and development experienced by several East Asian countries, including Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore, in the latter half of the 20th century. This growth was characterized by high levels of GDP growth, industrialization, export-led growth, and improvements in living standards within a relatively short period of time. Despite differences in approaches and political systems, these countries shared common factors such as a focus on education, investment in infrastructure, export-oriented policies, and strong government intervention in the economy.

special-interest groups can form and lobby for funding of a public good that has net benefits for society. Second, political logrolling can be used. In this case, votes are traded to obtain a favorable outcome on decisions that might otherwise be adverse. If the favorable outcome results in funding for a public good that has net benefits for society, then the economic inefficiencies from majority voting will be overcome.

Small tubes called arteries carry blood away from the heart throughout the entire body in all directions. At the same time, tubes called veins bring the blood back to the heart from the rest ofthe body. In the tubes, there are these things called valves, that act kind of like flap doors that keep the blood going the right way direction.

I hope this helped! :) :D

When most television shows and newspapers say the same thing, people can feel left out.

Nicholas Spykman proposed the Rimland Theory of Geopolitics. He suggested that control over the area surrounding Eurasia, known as the Rimland, was more crucial than control over the Heartland (central Eurasia) for global dominance.

A science is not founded - people have always asked questions about the nature of some things, and tried to answer them to their best knowledge. As you cannot find a founder for chemistry or mathematics, it's impossible to find a founder for political science. Moreover, people have been pondering and writing about the nature of government (as they have about the nature of substances - what we call chemistry; or the nature of phenomena - physics) and trying to find a theoretically perfect system of governance before the scientific method crystallized. For example, Plato and Aristotle were early political theorists - long before the birth of the concept of "science" in the modern understanding, as were Sun Tzu, Tomas Aquinas, Augustine and Machiavelli.

Universities have also had professorships in Politics (or Governance) since very early - one of the earliest, if not the earliest, being in Uppsala, in Sweden. Their chair of Government was inaugurated in 1622 - before anybody even defined a notion of "science".

So, all in all, political science basically evolved alongside our concept and understanding of the concept of science.

Science, art, religion, philosophy, and technology are all attempts by humans to understand, express, and adapt to their place in the universe. They are all concerned with why we are here, and what we can do. Art, particularly, is about expressing our beliefs, feelings, and views in pictures that reflect our culture.

Democratic conditions generally involve free and fair elections, protection of basic human rights and freedoms, rule of law, separation of powers, and government accountability to the people. In contrast, nondemocratic conditions can involve restrictions on political participation, lack of respect for human rights, authoritarian rule, censorship, limited political freedoms, and lack of transparency in governance.

I,A.B., do swear in the name of God/ solemnly affirm, that I will faithfully execute the office of Governor (or discharge the functions of the Governor) of .......(name of the State) and will to the best of my ability preserve, protect and defend the Constitution and the law and that I will devote myself to the service and wellbeing of the people of .......(name of the State)."

The major political science paradigms are structural functionalism, behavioralism, institutionalism, and rational choice theory. Each of these paradigms offers unique perspectives on how politics operates and influences society.

The 8 manifestation of a democratic and republican state ...are....

1.The existence of a bill of rights

2.The observance of the rule of the majority.

3.The observance of the principle that ours is government of laws,and not of men.

4The presence of elections through popular will.

5.The observance of the principle of separation of power and the system of checks and balances.

6.The observance of the principle that the legislature cannot pass irrepeable law's

7.The observance of the law on public officers .

8.The observance of the principle that the state cannot be sued with out consent.

The nature of political science is, by varying forms of analysis, especially mathematical, economic, sociological, psychological, and philosophical, to understand and predict the behaviour, structure, and existence of politics.

Arts and politics are often intertwined as artists use their work to express political viewpoints, challenge societal norms, and influence public opinion. Art can be used as a tool for activism, protest, and social commentary, shaping public discourse and reflecting the political climate of a society. Conversely, political leaders may also use art to promote specific ideologies, agendas, and cultural values.

You can usually find previous year question papers for 1st year BA courses at Bangalore University by visiting the university's official website or contacting the university's examination department. They might have a section for past papers or be able to provide them upon request. You can also try checking with local bookstores or online platforms that specialize in academic materials.