The Difference Between

There are so many different conflicting definitions about Information Security out there; however there are clear censuses amongst the field's professionals and leaders on the following definition writing by Michael Chahino (Managing Director of Network Operations and Information Security) and Jason Marchant (Chief Security Officer):

INFORMATION SECURITY is a discipline governing the framework for the continuous cycle of safeguarding information and ensuring related regulatory compliance.

- Discipline

• a branch of instruction and learning such as history, finance, economics

- Framework

• a frame or structure composed of parts fitted together documenting the methodology of incident identification, mitigation, and resolution much like the scientific method

- Cycle

• a series of processes that are repeated in a precise and deliberate manner

- Information

• electronic, printed, audible, visual, memorized

- Compliance

• ensuring that the institution is in compliance with applicable laws, regulations, and contractual agreements

Chahino, Michael and Marchant, Jason (2010). Computer Security Institute (CSI) 2010 Annual Conference http://www.csiannual.com/

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Old answer: network security deals with protecting the network whilst information security deals with protecting the information transmitted over the network.

Hope you get some meaning from what I said.

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Information security solutions have focused on preventing external threats such as viruses, hackers and worms through perimeter solutions that include firewalls and antivirus software. While still aware of outside threats, companies are now coming to understand they can no longer ignore inside violations concerning data at rest. So information security and privacy is of atmost importance whether it is internal or external.

Switches and Bridges are pretty similar, both operate at the Data Link layer (just above Physical) and both can filter data so that only the appropriate segment or host receives a transmission. Both filter packets based on the physical address (AKA MAC - Media Access Control - address) of the sender/receiver although newer switches sometimes include the capabilities of a router and can forward data based on IP address (operating at the Network Layer) and are referred to as IP Switches. Often the desired results could be achieved using either a switch or a bridge but *in general* bridges are used to extend the distance capabilities of the network while minimizing overall traffic, and switches are used to primarily for their filtering capabilities to create multiple, smaller virtual LAN's out of one large LAN for easier management/administration (V-Lan's).

The main difference between them is --->

Bridge can connect only TWO networks/ LANs/ Hosts, means bridge has only TWO ports. While...

Switch can connect more than TWO networks/ LANs/ Hosts because switch has more than TWO ports.

Or you can say that a bridge with more than TWO ports is known as a Switch.

The IEEE specs define bridges... and those bridges have tons of ports, not just two. The difference bridge/switch is mainly marketing.

Air-conditioning is a process that simultaneously conditions air; distributes it combined with the outdoor

air to the conditioned space; and at the same time controls and maintains the required space's temperature,

humidity, air movement, air cleanliness, sound level, and pressure differential within predetermined

limits for the health and comfort of the occupants, for product processing, or both.

Refrigeration is the cooling effect of the process of extracting heat from a lower temperature heat source,

a substance or cooling medium, and transferring it to a higher temperature heat sink, probably atmospheric

air and surface water, to maintain the temperature of the heat source below that of the surroundings.

There are a number of differences, some of which are technical, and I can't explain those to you. For example, the formatting or coding on the disc is different, and that's Greek to me. But I can tell you a few things.

First of all, they both should play in your DVD player. Almost all DVD players these days will play VCD's. The catch is, if you have an expensive DVD player, it often will not play homemade VCD's. Ironally, cheaper DVD players almost always will. Next, DVD's hold more data, so they are often much better quality. DVD movies are released on .. well.. DVD's .. which can hold anywhere from 4.7 to upwards of 9 GB of information. VCD's on the other hand, are written on CD's, which can only hold up to 700 MB of data (less than 1 GB). VCD is basically a format which came before DVD and was not very successful (at least in the USA), so they never really took off, but they were very successful in some other countries, such as Japan. So we don't see VCD players for sale very often, but like I said before, most DVD players will also play VCD's. One other thing is, VCD's are not too hard to make. Software is easy to find. Even free software, for making VCD's (if you have a computer and CD burner). You can also make VCD photo slideshows with music and pictures etc., fairly easily.

VCD & DVD differ in Quantity of DATA, Quality of Sound and Image.50 Frame per second as a TV, and Height to width ratio 4:5 (Nearest to 35mm Movie). VCD takes a scan similar to VCR/VCP that has 200 vertical lines. DVD whereas have 550 or so.Sound stored in the time gap between frames Fly back (I think like Teletex, in gap between 2 frames)in real to lag 1/50 sec so as to get a continuity between sound bits.

Sound in Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) is stored in MP3 Format. DVD has smaller track, get scratches easisy. DVD Format can be converted into AVI (ripped to any size 300:400 like that, and frame rate, generally 30 frames per minute, and recorded in DVD Disc as a movie that takes 2 1/2 hrs. needs a space of more than 700 MB, and require a DVD to store.Ordinary DVD cannot play. It reqires a Computer and Monitor or LCD TV that functions as a comp. monitor.can play it.

Sound is compressed in both. Eg. a song of 5 minutes takes much less in MP2? format in VCD. Whereas 50 MB at 1400KB/second to make MP3. Combining sound and image in a digital mixure in sequence of time,Red,Green,Blue,Sound Track,Left,Right etc. Since Man cannot hear even 100 KB.frequenzy of 1400KBPS is Downsized to 120KBPS in stereo, compresses it to 4 MB. In Digital Technology variable frequency reduces it further.

Now the trend is getting oriented into new Hi-definition generation in 9:16 Format(Nearer to 70mm format in proportion and 2MB, but a bit less than 35 mm projection that makes 2.5 MB eqv.) Next Generation may Windows concept. Suppose, A room has stationary & moving objects in a scene covering one minute (eg. Closs up,no zoom no camera movement)Only moving things require transition. Background can be freezed for all the frames. now you got the point, a movie that takes 1.5 GB in DVD,1.2 GB in VCD (require 2 discs), 750MB in AVI (require 1DVD) can be ripped into 500 MB that compromise near to DVD quality in single CD

For years the parallel interface has been widely used in storage systems. The need for increased bandwidth and flexibility in storage systems made the SCSI and ATA standards an inefficient option. A parallel interface is a channel capable of transferring date in parallel mode - that is transmitting multiple bits simultaneously. Almost all personal computers come with at least one parallel interface. Common parallel interfaces include SCSI and ATA. SCSI

(sku4zē) Short for small computer system interface, a parallel interface standard used by Apple Macintosh computers, PCs and many UNIX systems for attaching peripheral devices to computers. Nearly all Apple Macintosh computers, excluding only the earliest Macs and the recent iMac, come with a SCSI port for attaching devices such as disk drives and printers. SCSI interfaces provide for data transmission rates (up to 80 megabytes per second). In addition, you can attach multiple devices to a single SCSI port, so that SCSI is really an I/O bus rather than simply an interface. ATA

(Also known as IDE) is a disk drive implementation that integrates the controller on the disk drive itself. ATA is used to connect hard disk drives, CD-ROM drives and similar peripherals and supports 8/16-bit interface that transfer up to 8.3MB/s for ATA-2 and up to 100MB/s (ATA-6). So, what do parallel interfaces have to do with SAS (Serial Attached SCSI) and SATA (Serial ATA)? A lot, actually. It is the architectural limitations of the parallel interfaces that serial technologies like SAS and SATA address. In contrast to multiple parallel data stream, data is transmitted serially, that is in a single steam, by wrapping multiple bits into packets and it is able to move that single stream faster than parallel technology. Serial Attached SCSI (SAS)

Abbreviated as SAS, Serial Attached SCSI, an evolution of parallel SCSI into a point-to-point serial peripheral interface in which controllers are linked directly to disk drives. SAS is a performance improvement over traditional SCSI because SAS enables multiple devices (up to 128) of different sizes and types to be connected simultaneously with thinner and longer cables; its full-duplex signal transmission supports 3.0Gb/s. In addition, SAS drives can be hot-plugged. Serial ATA (SATA) Often abbreviated as SATA, Serial ATA is an evolution of the Parallel ATA physical storage interface. Serial ATA is a serial link - a single cable with a minimum of four wires creates a point-to-point connection between devices. Transfer rates for Serial ATA begin at 150MB/s. Starting with SATA, it extends the capabilities of ATA and offers transfer rates starting at 150MB/s and, after years of development, has moved to the mainstream of disk interfaces. The successor the SCSI interface is SAS at speeds of up to 3Gb/s. Additionally, it also addresses parallel interface issues such as drive addressability and limitations on the number of device per port connection. SAS devices can communicate with both SATA and SCSI devices (the backplanes of SAS devices are identical to SATA devices). A key difference between SCSI and SAS devices is the addition in SAS devices of two data ports, each of which resides in a different SAS domain. This enables complete failover redundancy. If one path fails, there is still communication along a separate and independent path. Cables & Connectors Another big advantage of SATA over ATA is the cabling and connectors. The serial interface reduces the amount of wires needed to transmit data, making for much smaller cable size and making it easier to route and install SATA devices. The IDE cables used in parallel ATA systems are bulkier than Serial ATA cables and can only extend to 40cm long, while Serial ATA cables can extend up to one meter. In addition to the cabling, a new design of connectors is also used that reduces the amount of crosstalk between the wires, and the connector design also provides easier routing and better air flow. The Benefits of SAS & SATA in Storage Serial interfaces offer an improvement over older parallel SCSI (with a serial version) in storage applications and environments. These benefits include better performance, better scalability, and also better reliability as the parallel interfaces are at their limits of speed with reliable data transfers. SAS and SATA drives can also operate in the same environment while SCSI and ATA cannot. For example, using faster SAS drives for primary storage and offloading older data to cheaper SATA disks in the same subsystem, something that could not be achieved with SCSI and ATA.