US in WW2

Stategy is the big picture. Tactics is the small picture. Or as Napoleon said, strategy is out of cannon shot range, tactics is within cannon range.

Originally Germany went down to Africa to bail the Italians out of trouble in North Africa, they had difficulties fighting the British.

Britain's empire controlled large parts of Africa, such as Egypt and so British troops were already fighting the Italians there. Mussolini knew if he wanted an Italian Mediterranean he'd have to evict the British. The AfrikaKorps, commanded by Erwin Rommel arrived in North Africa to aid the Italians since a total defeat would expose the south coast of Italy and France, as well as the Balkan regions to invasion by the Allied powers. Ultimately Rommel was unsuccessful. The Americans invaded Vichy French held Algeria because they thought the French would be less likely to fire on Americans than British and thus reduce the casualties sustained in a beach landing. They were partially right.

Another reason why the Western Allies invaded North Africa was political. The United States, under pressure from the Soviets wanted to invade France in 1942. However, Churchill feared throwing untested American forces against Hitler's fortified French coast. Furthermore Britain did not have the resources to commit to an invasion of France in 1942. Therefore, as a compromise and because Roosevelt was determined to blood the American army as soon as possible the decision was made to invade North Africa. The Americans performed relatively poorly in the opening months of the African campaign, and so one can only speculate as to how successful an invasion of France would have been in 1942.

The aftermath of the invasion gave the Allies the springboard to invade Italy in 1943, and detained and eventually captured or killed about 300,000 Axis soldiers. Soldiers which could have been used decisively against the USSR. Furthermore it secured Allied shipping routes to Malta and the Middle East. Whilst not the direct plan of action favoured by the USSR or Roosevelt, the invasion of North Africa was an invaluable step on the road to Berlin.

During WW2, Germany and Japan were allies (Axis Powers). Germany was now fighting in North Africa and Japan was advancing towards INDIA (CBI-China, Burma, India Theater). The old military saying drove the allies: "United We Stand; Divided We Fall." The Axis Powers were NOT to become united!

The Boeing B-29 Super Fortress gave the US , and it's allies , a long range strategic bomber with a range of 3,250 miles capable of delivering atomic weapons . The 'Cold War' strategy revolved around this bomber which eventually evolved into the SAC (Strategic Air Command) which was responsible for maintaining an air force capable of delivering nuclear bombs to the point of contact .

The foreign ministries of other countries were forced to adapt their own foreign policies until they too had an equal capacity for retaliation ie Soviet Russia .

The eventual outcome was a MAD policy where each were Mutually Assured Destruction .

First Medal of Honor in WWII: Gunnery Sergeant John Basilone

John Basilone

BY DUANE A. VACHON - It seemed appropriate that the first hero of 2011 should be the man who was awarded the first Medal of Honor in the Second World War.

John Basilone was born on November 4th, 1916. Basilone was born and raised in Raritan, a small town in New Jersey. He was an adventurous and restless child always looking for something new and exciting. After finishing the 8th grade, Basilone elected not to go to high school. He searched for some adventure and excitement and, not finding any, he joined the Army in 1934. After his basic training Basilone was posted to the Philippines.

During his time at his base in Manila, Basilone developed a mechanical talent for working with guns, especially machine guns. Basilone also developed a talent for motivating and leading men. After his three year enlistment ended Basilone returned to Raritan. A couple of years later he once again found himself becoming restless and looking for new adventures. He decided to reenlist in the service but this time he joined the Marines.

Ten months into World War II, Basilone found himself on the island of Guadalcanal, it was August of 1942. The Americans had secured an airstrip that was vital to the war effort. The Japanese and Americans were involved in one of the fiercest battles of World War II. The Japanese were determined to take the airfield and had assigned an entire Japanese division to the task of capturing the airfield.

Standing between them was only one Marine Battalion. The odds were certainly not in favor of the Americans. Basilone, who was in charge of 16 men, established a defensive position with 4 heavy machine guns in front of Henderson Field. It was October 24th when the Japanese launched a massive attack. The strategy Basilone had established for his unit was to let the Japanese advance to within 30 yards. And then to "let them have it."

The plan worked. They fired at the first group of attacking Japanese, successfully wiping them out. This first charge was only the beginning of the overall enemy attack. They charged several more times. Eventually this attack took its toll. Basilone, while manning the left two machine guns, heard a loud explosion come from the right setup of the machine guns. Moments later, one soldier from the right side crawled over and informed him that both right guns were knocked out and that the crew was all dead or injured.

Basilone knew he had to get to the knocked out guns to see if he could get them working. The first gun was beyond repair, but the second gun had a chance. There was no light to aid in examining the damaged gun. Basilone would have to troubleshoot the problem in the dark, it was now that Basilone's expertise with machine guns would pay off. He was able to feel the parts to find out what was causing the gun not to fire. Basilone quickly had the gun working again. As soon as it was back in action, the enemy charged. With the extra gun now working, Basilone and his unit easily beat back the Japanese attack. The attacks kept coming. Basilone told two of his remaining Marines to keep the heavy machine guns loaded. Basilone would roll to one machine gun and fire until it was empty, then roll over to the other one that had been loaded while he was firing the first one. At about 3 AM they were almost out of ammunition.

The Marines had stored ammunition about 100 yards away. However, this would be a difficult 100 yards. There were enemy troops on both the sides and behind their position. Basilone ran and crawled through the jungle. Bullets flew off over his head and grenades exploded around him. But he continued and made it to the ammo dump. Basilone threw six heavy cartridge belts over his soldier.

As he started back to his men, bullets were whizzing all around him again. But he made it back and soon he found another challenge. One machine gun had been smashed. Basilone took parts from another knocked out gun and fixed it quickly. Later in the night, the ammunition ran low again. Basilone would need to go for more, but this time it would be to another ammunition dump, 600 yards away.

Once again the Japanese threw everything at him, but he snaked through the grass well enough so that the Japanese could not find a clear target. Basilone made it back with the much needed ammunition which held off the enemy attacks. Finally the attacks ended around sunrise.

The daylight revealed a scene of utter carnage on the ground. Hundreds of bodies laid dead in front of the American positions, In fact, the entire Japanese regiment, around 3000 men, had been "annihilated." On this night of October 24th, and 25th the U.S. had turned the tide of the war and the previously undefeated Japanese were on their way to defeat. For his heroics that night Basilone was awarded the Medal of Honor.

In July of 1943, Basilone was informed that he was being sent home, but there was a catch to it. Basilone would have to go on a "bond drive". As Basilone loaded up to go home, he told his buddies he would be back, but they did not believe him. His men figured that with his medal, he could get a safe assignment at home for the rest of the war. His home town of Raritan planned a homecoming parade in his honor. It was held on Sunday, September 19th, 1943. The people of the small town of Raritan were amazed that such a big event came their town.

There were 30,000 people, including many politicians, numerous celebrities, and the national press. Life Magazineran a four page story on the parade. Even the Fox Movie Tone Newsvideotaped the event making a newsreel that was shown at movie theatres throughout the country As a hero, Basilone was worshipped and wined and dined. Basilone said that the admiration and attention was appreciated, but he was a soldier, and that he had given his word to his men that he would be back.

Basilone officially asked to go back to his men, but was initially denied. He was told that they needed him more on the home front. He was offered a commission (an officer's job), but he turned it down, saying he was a plain soldier. He was offered a job as a gunnery instructor. To Basilone, these soft, easy assignments did not seem right. He had a strong sense of purpose, and a safe easy job while there was a war going on was not his idea of being a Marine.

After a few months he asked again to go back overseas and this time he was granted his wish. For his assignment, Basilone was to report to Camp Pendleton in California to train with a group that was preparing to invade an island in the Pacific. So on December 27th, 1943, Basilone left the easy life of a hero on the home front to return to the soldiers who would soon go back overseas to engage the enemy.

While at Camp Pendleton Basilone met a woman, Marine Sergeant Lena Mae Riggi, and love blossomed. After dating for several months, they married on July 10th, 1944. Their wedding took place at St. Mary's Church in Oceanside, California. Their reception was at the Carlsbad Hotel, just down the street from the church.

Just one month later, on August 11th, 1944, orders were given for the Marines to ship out of Camp Pendleton. Basilone packed up and said good-bye to his new wife, boarded his ship, and sailed with the rest of the Marines for Iwo Jima.

On February 19th, 1945 the Marines arrived at Iwo Jima and were ready to attack. The Navy had bombarded the island for 36 days. Some Marines hoped this intense bombing would allow them to take the island with little resistance. However, there were 22,000 Japanese warriors who were well dug in, heavily armed, and prepared to die.

The first U.S. invasion force landed on the beach at 9:05 AM. Basilone's group landed around 9:30 AM. They were surprised to find little opposition. The Marines got up on the beach and noticed that their feet could barely move in the soft black volcanic sand of Iwo Jima.

For one hour, the U.S. was able to get their transports up to the beach and unload the men without major resistance. Then, with the beach crowded with U.S. soldiers, the Japanese began their counter attack.

Suddenly the Japanese from their hidden blockhouses began firing away at the exposed U.S. troops. The Marines were getting annihilated. Survivors later wondered how anyone survived the initial Japanese barrage. The U.S. forces were on the beach, but they had little or no cover, were still disorganized, and had not yet gotten enough heavy equipment ashore to defend against this type of attack.

The troops had trained for years, but nothing could prepare them for what was happening all around them. The soldiers would later say how frustrated they were that they could not see the enemy to fight back. The Japanese counterattack had stalled the U.S. invasion. Most Marines were hiding in the sand. The beach was littered with damaged vehicles, equipment, and dead soldiers. The invasion was not moving.

Brave men with leadership ability were needed to rally the troops. Basilone rose to the occasion. Many survivors of the battle recall that in the midst of the battle, with everyone hunkered down in the sand, there was one Marine out in the open, running around, directing men. It was Basilone. He first guided a tank out of a mine field. Only a few tanks came ashore and they were needed to knock out Japanese blockhouses.

Basilone had noticed a particular Japanese bunker had been effectively shooting mortar shells and raging deadly fire upon the U.S. troops. This enemy strong position "had to go". Basilone found and organized some machine gunners along with demolition men and directed them toward the bunker. Basilone instructed a demolition man to blow a hole in the concrete structure, while others gave cover against other nearby enemy positions.

A large explosion went off opening part of the bunker. Basilone then told the enthused machine gunners to hold their fire and directed a flamethrower operator to charge the pit. The brave flamethrower charged the pit as quickly as he could, stuck his nozzle in the pit and ignited the flame. Some of the Japanese soldiers ran out of the pit screaming as they tried to wipe away the jellied gasoline that was burning them. Basilone cut them down with a machine gun. Fellow soldier, Charles Tatum, said "for me and others who saw Basilone's leadership and courage during our assault, his example was overwhelming."

After knocking out the bunker, Basilone led twenty men off the exposed beach area to a location where they could take some cover and plan their next move. He ordered the men to stay while he went back to get more men and some heavy machine guns. Basilone gathered some troops and weapons and started back across the beach to the waiting soldiers. But Basilone was hit with a Japanese mortar shell which landed right in the middle of him and the men he was leading. He died from his wounds around thirty minutes later.

For his actions that day, John Basilone was awarded The Navy Cross. The military paid tribute to Basilone by naming a ship after him. An anti-submarine Navy Destroyer, the U.S.S. Basilone was commissioned on July 26th, 1949. His home town of Raritan honors him every year with a parade. The first parade was in 1981. For 22 years, the parade has been held, rain or shine. It attracts thousands of spectators. It is the pride of the town of Raritan. Basilone remains the only soldier (non-officer) in U.S. history to be awarded both The Medal of Honor and The Navy Cross. He is also the only Medal of Honor winner to go back into combat and be killed in combat.

It was on her 32nd birthday that Marine Sergeant Lena Riggi Basilone learned that her husband had been killed in action when she received a telegram:

"Deeply regret to inform you that your husband, Gunnery Sergeant John Basilone, USMC, was killed in action February 19, 1945 at Iwo Jima, Volcano Islands, in the performance of his duty and service to his country. When information is received regarding burial, you will be notified. Please accept my heartfelt sympathy."

The telegram was sent in the name of General Alexander Vandegrift. It was he who'd been Basilone's commanding officer at Guadalcanal. It was he who'd presented Basilone with his Medal of Honor in Australia.

After Basilone's death, Lena never remarried. She took part in the launch ceremony of a destroyer (DD-824) which bears the name of her husband. Lena survived Basilone by 54 years. When she died - on the 11th of June, 1999 - she was still wearing the wedding ring "Johnny" had given her. Her final resting place is at Riverside National Cemetery in Riverside, California. (The plot is located at section 50, site 5557). She had declined the federal government's offer of a burial spot, near her husband's, at Arlington.

John Basilone Medal of Honor Citation

For extraordinary heroism and conspicuous gallantry in action against enemy Japanese forces, above and beyond the call of duty, while serving with the 1st Battalion, 7th Marines, 1st Marine Division, in the Lunga area, Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands, on October 24 and 25, 1942. While the enemy was hammering at the Marines' defensive positions, Sergeant Basilone, in charge of two sections of heavy machineguns, fought valiantly to check the savage and determined assault. In a fierce frontal attack with the Japanese blasting his guns with grenades and mortar fire, one of Sergeant Basilone's sections, with its guncrews, was put out of action, leaving only two men able to carry on. Moving an extra gun into position, he placed it in action, then, under contiunual fire, repaired another and personally manned it, gallantly holding his line until replacements arrived. A little later, with ammunition critically low and the supply lines cut off, Sergeant Basilone, at great risk of his life and in the face of continued enemy attack, battled his way through hostile lines with urgently needed shells for his gunners, thereby contributing in a large measure to the virtual annihilation of a Japanese regiment. His great personal valor and courageous initiative were in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service.

Franklin D. Roosevelt President United States

John Basilone is at rest in the Arlington National Cemetery.

The author of this article would like to thank James Brady, and his book Hero of the Pacific for much of the content in this article.