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Biochemistry
Biochemistry is the study of the structure, composition and chemical processes in all living organisms. It covers the structures and functions of various cellular components, including proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids, and other biomolecules.
8,065 Questions
Heating instruments kills microorganisms by denaturing their proteins and disrupting their cellular membranes. Alcohol in disinfectants disrupts the cell membranes of microorganisms, leading to their death. These methods are effective because they target key structures and functions necessary for the survival of microorganisms.
Why must the stem of the funnel touch the inside surface of the collecting beaker during filtration?
Ensuring the stem of the funnel touches the inside surface of the collecting beaker helps to prevent splashing or spillage of the liquid being filtered. It also helps to direct the filtered liquid smoothly into the beaker, minimizing the risk of contamination or loss of sample during the filtration process.
What is multi functional enzyme?
A multifunctional enzyme is one that has multiple functions. In most cases, enzymes are only activated by a specific substrate or ligand. However, some enzymes have the ability to catalyze a number of different reactions which are not always functionally similar to each other.
Why are people different colours?
We all started out in Africa. We are ALL Africans by origin. Humans migrated out of Africa very roughly 100,000 years ago. As we spread across the planet, natural selection helped us adapt to different climates and different needs. The National Geographic Society has lots of excellent material on this.
What is the meaning of carbohydrates?
any of a large group of organic compounds occurring in foods and living tissues and including sugars, starch, and cellulose. They contain hydrogen and oxygen in the same ratio as water (2:1) and typically can be broken down to release energy in the animal body.
Adenosine DiPhosphate ( :
Adenosine triphosphate (or ATP) is a molecule that a cell uses to extract and store energy from other molecules such as carbohydrates.
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What is an IU when measuring vitamins A D and E and how does it translate to mcg and or mg?
An International Unit (IU) is a standardized measurement used to quantify vitamins A, D, and E. The conversion to micrograms (mcg) or milligrams (mg) varies for each vitamin. For vitamin A, 1 IU is equivalent to 0.3 mcg retinol. For vitamin D, 1 IU is equivalent to 0.025 mcg cholecalciferol. For vitamin E, 1 IU is equivalent to 0.67 mg tocopherol.
Photophosphorylation differs from oxidative phosphorylation in that?
Photophosphorylation occurs in chloroplasts during photosynthesis, where light energy is used to generate a proton gradient and drive ATP synthesis. In contrast, oxidative phosphorylation occurs in mitochondria, where electrons are transferred along the electron transport chain to generate a proton gradient and drive ATP synthesis using energy released from the oxidation of nutrients.
If UV light is required for Vitamin D production does this make UV a Vitamin D precursor?
No UV light can not be treated as vit D precursor as it only provides the energy in the form of radiation for the reaction to take place. It is the steroid molecule present in dermis which is precursor for vitD synthesis.
Some historians say Molecular Biology starts when the DNA structure was elucidated by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1952 in Cambridge, UK, considering them as the "fathers" of modern Molecular Biology. However we have to consider, not only Max Perutz with John Kendrew, for their elucidation of hemoglobin structure, but also Linnus Paulin, the "father of chemical bond", who with Robert Corey, predicted the existence of secondary structure of proteins in 1951, several years ago before the first complete protein structure was elucidated.
What form of transport is a junk?
A junk is a type of Chinese sailing ship that has been used historically for transportation and trade purposes. Junks have distinctive designs, with a flat bottom, high stern, and fully battened sails.
Are SSRI enzyme inducers or inhibitors?
The SSRIs can be both CYP450 enzyme inhibitors AND inducers. Inhibitors inhibit the metabolism of drugs, causing the body to have increased levels of that drug. Inducers speed of the metabolism of a drug, causing the body to inactivate/eliminate to a further extent than it normally would. It depends on which SSRI you are talking about. They all have actions on various isoforms of CYP450, but the SSRIs which cause the greatest problems with inhibition/inducing are fluoxetine (Prozac) and paroxetine. (Paxil)
What is the DRA for Vitamin C?
The Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) for Vitamin C varies depending on age and gender. For adult males, it is 90 mg per day and for adult females, it is 75 mg per day. Pregnant and breastfeeding women have higher DRIs at 85 mg and 120 mg respectively.
tRNA is produced primarily in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells. It is transcribed from DNA by RNA polymerase III in eukaryotes and by RNA polymerase in prokaryotes.
What is the polarity of isopropyl alcohol?
Isopropyl alcohol, also known as rubbing alcohol, is considered polar due to the presence of the hydroxyl group (-OH) which creates an uneven distribution of charge within the molecule. This polarity allows it to dissolve in water and other polar solvents.
I have also been looking for this (that's how i came across this) and so far i have found out:
that it is made from the residue left over in a fractioning column.
hope this helps in some way, sorry for the lack of detail.
I have no idea what "muscle enzyme" levels you're talking about, but if your levels are around 100 times the normal range, I'd think their would be something wrong. The doctor who arranged for the blood test should be able to explain everything.
Do amino acids come from someone's diet?
The amino acids that must be acquired from foods and your diet are called essential amino acids. These acids include histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine.
What is biochemistry all about?
Biochemistry is all about the chemistry which goes on within living things!
Because chemistry is all about atoms and molecules etc biochemistry is at a molecular level.
For example, biochemistry could be the way DNA replicates within a cell and it investigates how it does so and what contributes.
The majority of Biochemistry is about the intricate goings-on inside cells.
Hope this helps!
Non-absorbable sugars are also called sugar alcohols. They are sweet-tasting, but are not readily absorbed from the intestine into the body. Most are manufactured for commercial use. Examples are non-caloric sweeteners, like sorbitol and mannitol, which are often used in candies and gums. Non-absorbable sugars may be prescribed as laxatives.
What are the two steps in the electron transport chain producing NAPDH.?
complex I (NADH dehydrogenase, also called NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase; EC 1.6.5.3) removes two electrons from NADH and transfers them to a lipid-soluble carrier, ubiquinone (Q). The reduced product, ubiquinol (QH2) is free to diffuse within the membrane. At the same time, Complex I moves four protons (H+) across the membrane, producing a proton gradient. Complex I is one of the main sites at which premature electron leakage to oxygen occurs, thus being one of main sites of production of a harmful free radical called superoxide.
The pathway of electrons occurs as follows:
NADH is oxidized to NAD+, reducing Flavin mononucleotide to FMNH2 in one two-electron step. The next electron carrier is a Fe-S cluster, which can only accept one electron at a time to reduce the ferric ion into a ferrous ion. In a convenient manner, FMNH2 can be oxidized in only two one-electron steps, through a semiquinone intermediate. The electron thus travels from the FMNH2 to the Fe-S cluster, then from the Fe-S cluster to the oxidized Q to give the free-radical (semiquinone) form of Q. This happens again to reduce the semiquinone form to the ubiquinol form, QH2. During this process, four protons are translocated across the inner mitochondrial membrane, from the matrix to the intermembrane space. This creates a proton gradient that will be later used to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Complex II (succinate dehydrogenase; EC 1.3.5.1) is not a proton pump. It serves to funnel additional electrons into the quinone pool (Q) by removing electrons from succinate and transferring them (via FAD) to Q. Complex II consists of four protein subunits: SDHA,SDHB,SDHC, and SDHD. Other electron donors (e.g., fatty acids and glycerol 3-phosphate) also funnel electrons into Q (via FAD), again without producing a proton gradient.
Complex III (cytochrome bc1 complex; EC 1.10.2.2) removes in a stepwise fashion two electrons from QH2 at the QO site and sequentially transfers them to two molecules of cytochrome c, a water-soluble electron carrier located within the intermembrane space. The two other electrons are sequentially passed across the protein to the Qi site where quinone part of ubiquinone is reduced to quinol. A proton gradient is formed because it takes 2 quinol (4H+4e-) oxidations at the Qo site to form one quinol (2H+2e-) at the Qi site. (in total 6 protons: 2 protons reduce quinone to quinol and 4 protons are released from 2 ubiquinol). The bc1 complex does NOT 'pump' protons, it helps build the proton gradient by an asymmetric absorption/release of protons.
When electron transfer is hindered (by a high membrane potential, point mutations or respiratory inhibitors such as antimycin A), Complex III may leak electrons to oxygen resulting in the formation of superoxide, a highly-toxic species, which is thought to contribute to the pathology of a number of diseases, including aging.
Complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase; EC 1.9.3.1) removes four electrons from four molecules of cytochrome c and transfers them to molecular oxygen (O2), producing two molecules of water (H2O). At the same time, it moves four protons across the membrane, producing a proton gradient.
