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Manufacturing
Manufacturing is the use of tools, machines and labor to produce goods for sale or use. It may refer to various human activities ranging from handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly applied to industrial production where raw materials are transformed into finished goods.
8,256 Questions
What are the functions of procurement?
DEFINITION OF WORK
Summary
This is specialized purchasing of goods and services.
Work involves coordinating and facilitating the acquisition of goods and services. Duties include reviewing requests and authorizing the purchase of commonly used goods and services; and/or assisting higher level buyers in the preparation of bid invitations, the analysis of bids and the award of contracts.
Standard Classification Factors
Supervision Received - LEVEL C: "Under direction..." Employees at this level usually receive a general outline of the work to be performed and are generally free to develop their own sequences and methods within the scope of established policies. New, unusual, or complex work situations are almost always referred to a superior for advice. Work is periodically checked for progress and conformance to established policies and requirements.
Difficulty - LEVEL B: Average - Where the employee is confronted with a variety of duties susceptible to different methods of solution which, in turn, places a correspondingly higher demand upon resourcefulness and concentration. Positions which require the analysis and evaluation of raw data and the rendering of conclusions would, in many instances, fall into this category.
Complexity - LEVEL C: Work is of a standardized nature that may involve a variety of duties. Analytical thought becomes more important at this level due to increased data and changing situations. Tasks usually have several steps, some of which may not be directly related. Alternatives may exist for processes or methods to be used in solving problems. Workers at this level exercise a moderate amount of independent judgment. Work is controlled by routine review and reporting to or consultation with supervisors. When guidelines exist at this level, they tend to be more complicated or technical in nature requiring careful interpretation.
Consequences of Actions and Decisions - LEVEL C: Consequences of actions or decisions at this level are limited in scope and effect as the work is reviewed occasionally. Errors may cause moderate inefficiency. Costs due to errors may be significant.
Contacts - LEVEL B: The purpose of the contact is to plan, coordinate and advise on work efforts, interpret guidelines or instructions, elicit opinions or give guidance on the basis of facts to resolve common issues or problems when the information is not sensitive in nature or the individuals or groups are working toward mutual goals and have basically cooperative attitudes. Well developed communication skills are required.
Physical Demands - LEVEL A: The work is predominantly sedentary and requires minimal or negligible physical exertion. The employee is normally seated; however, the nature of the work allows for periods of standing or walking at will.
Environmental Conditions - LEVEL A: The work environment involves normal everyday hazards or discomforts typical of offices, meeting and training rooms, or libraries. Comfortable levels of temperature, ventilation, lighting and sound are inherent in the work environment. Exposure to deviations from pleasant environmental conditions is only occasional. The likelihood of injury is remote.
Supervision/Leadership - LEVEL B: Involves functional leadership responsibility. As a "senior worker", performing essentially the same or similar work as those overseen, responsibility includes training, instructing, scheduling and reviewing. As a "project leader" may be responsible for a phase(s) of a single project which includes planning, coordinating and reviewing the work of others. This level may also involve limited administrative responsibility such as participating in the evaluation of work performance.
Distinguishing Features
Differs from the Procurement Officer II class which involves purchasing or contract procurement of a broad range of goods and services from items of common use to technical or scientific supplies and equipment.
EXAMPLES OF WORK PERFORMED
Places or approves purchase orders for goods and services. Requisitions goods and services from statewide contracts.
Purchases goods and services within established limits as provided by the Division of Purchases. Contacts suppliers for price quotes; prepares requisitions and affixes authorizing signature before ordering. Checks accuracy of funding information.
Reviews and approves purchases for amounts greater than authorized prior to referral to the Division of Purchases; confers with agency personnel or vendors prior to preparing specifications to describe the items desired; makes recommendations to a higher level buyer.
Informs agency personnel of purchasing procedures and regulations; maintains purchasing records.
Contacts vendors or agency representatives to obtain availability and product information or to solicit bids; develops requests for quotations; and confers with vendors concerning new products, damaged goods, delayed payments or related information.
Assists higher level buyers with the selection of bidders, public bid openings, preliminary bid evaluation, brand comparisons and final award of bids.
Conducts research concerning new products and general commodity requirements.
May supervise the work of support staff processing requisitions.
REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE, ABILITIES, AND SKILLS
Knowledge
*Knowledge of basic business principles.
Knowledge of state contracting laws, regulations and procedures.
Knowledge of modern office methods, equipment and practices.
Knowledge of purchasing methods and procedures in an assigned field.
Abilities
*Ability to gather information regarding the type and specifics of merchandise needed by the agency.
*Ability to establish and maintain effective working relationships with vendors, departmental officials and the public.
Ability to present detailed reports of findings and recommendations, both orally and in writing.
What is production planning and control?
Production planning is where you decide what resources you need to produce your product. For example: you are making a bicycle. Let's say that you need to make 500 bicycles next month. Naturally, you need a building to store the materials and house the workers, but production planning usually assumes that you've already got that. Your production plan will include the 1000 tires and wheels that you'll need throughout the week (they can't all arrive on Friday, you need at least 200 of them by Monday) and the 500 frames, seats, etc. and the boxes to put them in. If it takes the supplier 14 days to deliver the wheels and tires, then you need to order them two weeks before you start production. Obviously there's a lot more little details than that, but that's the general idea.
What are the effects of poor job design?
There can be a lot of effect of poor working conditions in an office-
1. A person will fed of his work and will not be able to give his/her 100 percent.
2. It may be serious to an employee's health also.
3.This will lead to lowering of an employee's motivation level.
4. This will effect the performance of an employee.
What is the Latin word for manufacturing?
There is no Latin word for manufacturing, but there is a French word for manufacturing and it is fabrication.
What do you understand by Supply Chain Management?
Supply chain management is the core process of procurement. It is the process of supply the products and services in the targeted destination. Supply chain generally takes place by a supply chain management team. A supply chain management team involves in transporting activities.
How do you write a motivation letter to buy a house?
The Cover Letter (CL) is the document that accompanies your CV when you are applying for a job. For academic purposes, the document used is typically called statement of purpose, and is laid out after somewhat different rules. The CL is short (200-250 words), with a quite rigid structure and has the layout of a letter. Its goal is to introduce the CV, to bring to attention aspects of your activity that can help your application and are not listed or not presented in the proper light in the CV. In short, its goal is to answer the recruiter's question: "Why should I hire this person?".
Layout. The layout is that of a formal business letter: your address and contact details come under your name, in the upper right corner of the page. Underneath, aligned left, write the name, function, organisation and address of the person you are writing to. It is a lot better to know the name of the person who is going to read your letter. You should address the letter directly to him or her. In the case you do not know the name, an email, a little digging in the net or a phone call should help you get that name, in case it is not mentioned in the official announcement. Under the receiver's address, but aligned right, write the date of the day when you are writing the letter. You should spell the name of the month and use four digits for the year. You can put in front of the date the location, like Sofia, second December 2000.
If you do know the name of the addressee, start with Dear Mr (Mister), Ms (Miss), Mrs (Mistress), Dr (Doctor), without the full stop that you might expect to follow the abbreviation, and the surname of the addressee, followed by comma (Dear Dr Smith,). In this case, you should end the letter with the salutation Yours sincerely. If you do not know the name, start with Dear Sirs, or Dear Sir or Madam and close with Yours faithfully. In American business correspondence, Yours truly is acceptable in both cases. Do not start the body of the mail with a capital letter, since it follows a comma.
How do you answer 'Explain time management' in a job interview?
When interviewers asks about time management they want to hear that you know how to utilize your time wisely. You could throw in some comments about making To Do lists and priotizing which jobs are more important and/or need to be completed first.
A merger of corporations involved in different steps of manufacturing or marketing is known as a?
Vertical Merger
What are the pros and cons of performance appraisals?
Performance Appraisal
Benefits of Appraisal
Perhaps the most significant benefit of appraisal is that, in the rush and bustle of daily working life, it offers a rare chance for a supervisor and subordinate to have "time out" for a one-on-one discussion of important work issues that might not otherwise be addressed.
Almost universally, where performance appraisal is conducted properly, both supervisors and subordinates have reported the experience as beneficial and positive.
Appraisal offers a valuable opportunity to focus on work activities and goals, to identify and correct existing problems, and to encourage better future performance. Thus the performance of the whole organization is enhanced.
For many employees, an "official" appraisal interview may be the only time they get to have exclusive, uninterrupted access to their supervisor. Said one employee of a large organization after his first formal performance appraisal, "In twenty years of work, that's the first time anyone has ever bothered to sit down and tell me how I'm doing."
The value of this intense and purposeful interaction between a supervisors and subordinate should not be underestimated.
Motivation and Satisfaction
Performance appraisal can have a profound effect on levels of employee motivation and satisfaction - for better as well as for worse.
Performance appraisal provides employees with recognition for their work efforts. The power of social recognition as an incentive has been long noted. In fact, there is evidence that human beings will even prefer negative recognition in preference to no recognition at all.
If nothing else, the existence of an appraisal program indicates to an employee that the organization is genuinely interested in their individual performance and development. This alone can have a positive influence on the individual's sense of worth, commitment and belonging.
The strength and prevalence of this natural human desire for individual recognition should not be overlooked. Absenteeism and turnover rates in some organizations might be greatly reduced if more attention were paid to it. Regular performance appraisal, at least, is a good start.
Training and Development
Performance appraisal offers an excellent opportunity - perhaps the best that will ever occur - for a supervisor and subordinate to recognize and agree upon individual training and development needs.
During the discussion of an employee's work performance, the presence or absence of work skills can become very obvious - even to those who habitually reject the idea of training for them!
Performance appraisal can make the need for training more pressing and relevant by linking it clearly to performance outcomes and future career aspirations.
From the point of view of the organization as a whole, consolidated appraisal data can form a picture of the overall demand for training. This data may be analysed by variables such as sex, department, etc. In this respect, performance appraisal can provide a regular and efficient training needs audit for the entire organization.
Recruitment and Induction
Appraisal data can be used to monitor the success of the organization's recruitment and induction practices. For example, how well are the employees performing who were hired in the past two years?
Appraisal data can also be used to monitor the effectiveness of changes in recruitment strategies. By following the yearly data related to new hires (and given sufficient numbers on which to base the analysis) it is possible to assess whether the general quality of the workforce is improving, staying steady, or declining.
Employee Evaluation
Though often understated or even denied, evaluation is a legitimate and major objective of performance appraisal.
But the need to evaluate (i.e., to judge) is also an ongoing source of tension, since evaluative and developmental priorities appear to frequently clash. Yet at its most basic level, performance appraisal is the process of examining and evaluating the performance of an individual.
Though organizations have a clear right - some would say a duty - to conduct such evaluations of performance, many still recoil from the idea. To them, the explicit process of judgment can be dehumanizing and demoralizing and a source of anxiety and distress to employees.
It is been said by some that appraisal cannot serve the needs of evaluation and development at the same time; it must be one or the other.
But there may be an acceptable middle ground, where the need to evaluate employees objectively, and the need to encourage and develop them, can be balanced.
What are the coolest jobs right now?
it real depends on what type of person you are.
In my personal veiw a games tester would be pretty fun, sure it has it down sides having to be able to spot out glitches and other faults, but would be fun testing out the latest block buster!
What is difference between lean production and mass production?
The difference between the two is that batch productions is a form of production that is applied to a large number of items all at once whilst mass production is the same but made one at a time from mass produced parts.
Can you use rubber bands to castrate dogs?
Regular rubber bands typically cannot, but there are special rubber bands that are used to do that sort of thing. They are placed on the tail and left on the tail until it eventually falls off.
The fibres are triangular prism like structure. so the silk cloth refracts the light falling on it at different angles and gives a shimmering appearance.
How is a cotton plant turned in to threads?
A very simple list of the steps:
- Picking (the bolls from the plant)
- Ginning (removing seeds)
- Spinning (the fibers into thread or yarn)
- Weaving (the yarn into fabric)
How many frost-free days does cotton need to grow?
200. learned about it the other day in my history through 1877 class i'm taking right now at my university
How is silk obtained from a cocoon?
The mulberry silkworm caterpillar spins about one mile of thread for its cocoon. The farmers who specialize in this production arrange special frames for the caterpillars, and the caterpillars are killed with heat when they have finished building their cocoon. This is then immersed in hot water to soften the adhesive part, and wound up on spools. Several threads are wound together to make a usable fibre.
The thread from the Bombyx mori (silkworm) is triangular in section, and is about 5 - 10 microns wide.
The earliest silk fabric dates from about 3500 BCE, and the silk trade had spread such that an Egyptian mummy of about 1070 BCE had some silk in the hair.
Spider silk is about one-third the diameter of silk from the mulberry moth.
How do organic methods differ from traditional farming methods?
Organic farms follow a strict set of rules dealing with what they can and cannot use in regard to fertilizers, pesticides, etc.
http://www.sarep.ucdavis.edu/Organic/complianceguide/faq.htm
The manufacture of rubber begins with the rubber tree, botanical name hevea brasiliensis. Originally from Brazil, specimens were moved to Malaya (now part of Malaysia) and Burma (now Myanmar) where large plantations were established in the nineteenth century. The tree is tapped by making a shallow v-shaped slit in the bark; a spout is inserted at the bottom of the V and the sap of the tree is collected.This sap, called latex, may be shipped out after cleaning for making certain types of rubber products. Most latex is poured into large flat trays to be dried over a wood fire on the plantation. The resulting solid sheets are then passed through a mill fitted with ribbed rollers, which form corrugations on the sheets about a centimeter apart. The result of this is a product known in the rubber trade as ribbed smoked sheets (always abbreviated to RSS). RSS is then pressed into bales of around 100Kg; it is the same colour as a smoked herring (aka kipper) and smells like one too. The bales are shipped all over the world for processing. The next step in making a finished rubber product is to masticate the RSS. This is done on a calender mill, where the raw rubber is fed between two rollers that are slightly separated from each other and turn at slightly different speeds. Various other ingredients are then fed in. These usually include a filler (which is mostly either soot or china clay), one or more lubricants and, finally, a vulcanising agent. This last is usually powdered Sulphur, although some usable organic compounds are known. When all ingredients are well mixed uncured components are formed, either in moulds or by extrusion. They are then heated; this heating carries out the process of vulcanisation, in which the sulphur causes the formation of cross-links between rubber molecules. These links greatly improve the mechanical properties of the final rubber product over a range of temperatures, especially preventing the rubber from being brittle when cold or sticky when warm.
Natural rubber comes from the bark of the Hevea Brasiliensis tree that grows in Southeast Asia. To harvest this rubber, someone makes a small cut in the bark of the tree and a the milky white substance, latex, flows out of it. It is then mixed with water and acid to make the substance thicker. Also, different companies mix different chemicals into the latex to add color and to make the rubber stronger and stabilized.
Caterpillars << please note the spelling, it will help you find more information!
They make silk to spin a cocoon. The caterpillar eats a lot of mulberry leaves and its body transforms the leaves into whatever nutrition it uses to make silk. (Kind of like a spider makes thread inside itself.)
The caterpillar makes a cocoon around itself to protect itself while it becomes a butterfly.
But, the ancient Asian people somehow figured out that you could take these cocoons and cook them, which loosens the silk so that a person can "unwind" the cocoon -- basically, a person can un-spin the cocoon that the caterpillar was spinning.
Of course the caterpillar dies from this.
You can also look up "silkworm" on Wikipedia.
Hope that helps! HC
What is rubber tree sap called?
When liquid exudes from a tree it is called sap.
When it hardens it is called resin.
When ancient tree resin becomes fossilized it is called amber.
