Caliphates

Caliph refers to a Muslim civil and religious ruler, widely viewed as the successor of Muhammad.

Safavid Empire of Azerbaijan & Iran ruled present day Iran & Azerbaijan as well as whole Armenia, certain parts of Afghanistan, Pakistan, Georgia, Kuwait, Iraq, Turkmenistan, Turkey, Syria and Russia.

The Umayyad Caliphate was overthrown by the Abbasid Revolution in 750 AD. having lost much of their power during the Third Muslim Civil War (744-747 AD).

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Muhammad bin Qasim Al-Thaqafi (محمد بن القاسم الثقفي) was the Arab general from the city of Ta'if loyal to the Umayyad Caliphate who conquered the Sindh and Punjab regions along the Indus River. Qasim's conquest of Sindh and Punjab enabled further Islamic expansion into the Indian subcontinent.

originated in damascus, syria and then relocated their capital in Baghdad, Iraq.

took their name from Prophet Muhammad (SAW)'s paternal uncle al-Abbas--that way the Muslim followers will follow the Abbasid dynasty. they basically followed prophet Muhammad (SAW)'s word--unlike the Umayyad dynasty.

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Umayyads always controlled shia Muslims and kept Imams of shia in prison or killed them. shia Muslims hated Umayyads and always hided their beliefs to be safe from Umayyads security officers.
They don't consider them right.

That was an inevitable conflict between two fanatically religious societies, one Christian and one Muslim, each believing that its own religion must ultimately triumph and defeat all others. This conflict continues, in a different form, in the 21st century.

D. Portraiture. Muslims believed strongly in not painting people or animals, as a result, portraiture did not advance in the Islamic World until Western colonization and imperialism. There were numerous advances in Optics, Mathematics, and Medicine by individuals like Alhazen, al-Khwarizmi, and Avicenna respectively.

Well, they used their wealth to support the arts and learning, and their wealth helped with trade. This was all I could find...but hope it helped!

Hülegü Khan of the Mongols conquered Baghdad in 1258, effectively ending the Abbassid Caliphate.

In 750 CE there was a revolution against Umayyad rule which began in eastern Iran and rapidly spread over the whole empire. The Umayyads were totally destroyed except for one prince who fled to Spain and established the Umayyad dynasty there.

making a secret organization for management and survive of shia Muslims.

Abu Ubaida led the Muslim armies into the Levantine region, annexing to the Rightly-Guided Caliphate the areas occupied by the current nations of Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria.

The Abbasids defeated the Ummayaeds and put to death every member of that family they could lay hands on. Then they turned to their cousins, the offspring of Hazrat Ali (RAU) and imprisoned the chief personalities who could claim their share in power. They also kept well trained and well armed army. They tried to win over influential personalities by foul or fair means and developed a powerful Empire.

The unguided media is the wireless media. It simply transports electromagnetic waves without using any physical conductor. Signals are normally broadcast through the air and thus are available to any one who has the device capable of receiving them. Unguided signals can be travelled from source to the destination in several ways. These ways include ground propagation, sky propagation and line of sight propagation.

artwork architecture and silk weaving

There were two major reasons for this.

Firstly, a number of Hafiths (Qur'anic Memorizers) had died in recent battles and Caliph 'Othman was afraid that perhaps too many Hafiths could die and the Qur'an would be lost.

Secondly, a number of Hafiths were beginning to mis-remember different passages of the Qur'an, so to create a unified version would prevent the Qur'an from mutating as time passed.

The Muslim empire spread under the leadership of the Umayyad dynasty through the power of the Syrian army, which was the dynasty's foundation; this allowed the Umayyads to assume greater control of conquered provinces and and of Arab tribal rivalries.

The power of Shiite religious elements began to increase at court and in Safavid society at large after the death of Shah Abbas. While intellectual freedom had marked the height of the Safavid empire, the pressure to conform to orthodox religious beliefs increased. For example, Persian women, who had considerable freedom during the early empire, were now forced into seclusion and required to adopt the wearing of the veil.

It depends on the timing.

The first Muslim conquest of territories on the Indian periphery was the conquest of Sindh by Muhammed bin Qasim of the Umayyad Caliphate from 711-715. He, and the army he led, were primarily composed of Arabs, not Turks. The Umayyad Caliphate brough Islam to the areas it had conquered, but was ineffective at spreading Islam throughout the subcontinent.

However, in the subsequent centuries, the Turkic Seljuqs, Timurids, and Mughals would all conquer areas on the Indian perimeter with the Mughals penetrating deep into the subcontinent. As a result, the Mughals were far more effective at spreading Islam deep into India.

Answer 1
Some Abbasid caliphs were fond of easy living. As a result, they ignored their government responsibilities. Also, they did little to protect merchants from attacks by bandits. This badly hurt trade, which was a major source of Caliphs' wealth. Because of this, the Abbasid caliphs raised taxes. People soon tired of the Abbasids' selfish behavior.

Answer 2
Internal revolts and external challenges led to the decline of Abbasid rule.

Answer 3
The reasons for the eventual fall of the Abbassid Caliphate which occurred in 1100-1258 CE are the following.

1) Corruption: The Abbassid Caliphate had become one of the richest and most prosperous states in the world at that time, changing its leadership from honest brokers of power (Amir al-Mu'aminin - Prince of the Believers used to actually mean something) to individuals more concerned with money. This created strong resentment from those who were outside of the Abbassid purview.

2) Mawali Inclusion: The Abbassids were an Arab Caliphate (as opposed to the Samanids who were a Persian Caliphate) and were expected by many Arabs to treat other Arabs better than the Mawali. However, the Abbassids consistently treated Persians equal to or better than their Arab brethren which created animosity and a sense of betrayal. Many Arabs saw the Persians as the major backers of the Caliphate and that they were a tool for Persian interests. It was also perceived that the Persians were first servants to the caliphs but climbed way up the social ladder to a place they did not belong.

3) Turkish Armies: Armies like the Mamluk (who were retained by the Abbassids for the defense of the Caliphate) were Turks who defended an Arab State. Beginning in this period, they began to realize that they had the capacity to create their own states considering how vast their powers were as a military. This idea also came to the fore for Turks outside of the Caliphate. As a result, there were Mamluk uprisings, Seljuq attacks, and other Turkish Armies turning against Baghdad.

4) Rise of the Mongols: Hülegü Khan put the final nail in the coffin by massacring Baghdad and a number of Persian cities when he conquered the territory for the Great Khanate.

No, they are called the shah.

It depends on which Umayyad Caliphate you are talking about.

The Umayyad Caliphate in Damascus from 660 C.E. to 750 C.E. was overthrown by a coup d'état led by the Abbassid Family.

The Umayyad Caliphate in Cordoba from 711 C.E. to 1038 C.E. ended when the final Caliph, Hisham III, died without any successors.

Umayyad Caliphate in Damascus
In the Umayyad Caliphate in Damascus case, there were a few major issues.

1) Mawali: Mawali (or non-Arab Muslims) were traditionally excluded from political and social affairs. The Umayyad in particular treated them as second-class Muslims. The evidence of this treatment was that Mawali were not allowed to have many government positions and that they were taxed whereas Arab Muslims were not taxed at all. Mawali made up an important component of the Umayyad Caliphate, especially Persians. Persia was always a high seat of culture in the Islamic Empire. As a result, ideas moved quite freely throughout Persia and Persians considered themselves to be of equal worth to Arabs.

2) Shiites: Under the Sunni Umayyads, Shiites were also discriminated against. After Yazid I martyred Hussein, the Shiites made it their mission in life to oppose every action of the Umayyad dynasty. It did not help matters that the Umayyads tortured and murdered Shiite Imams and Infallibles, leading to irreconcilability between the Shiites and the Umayyads.

3) Distance: There were no effective routes of communication between the Western Edges of the Caliphate and Damascus. This made local administrators more powerful as they would have to make their own decisions anyway (it would take too long for a messenger to go to Damascus and return). Many figured that they might as well make the change more permanent.

4) Political Issues: Not all Arabs of high political standing supported the Umayyads. There were several other families that were just as power-hungary and the Umayyads spent much of their time thwarting coups d'état. Abu Al-Abbas As-Saffah of the Abbassids rose against the Umayyads and murdered the reigning Umayyad Caliph. He ordered the rest of his family to murder every single other Umayyad. As a result of the uprising, only one Umayyad, Amir Abd El-Rahman, survived. He would later flee to Spain and set it up as a Caliphate in opposition to the Abbassids.

Umayyad Caliphate in Spain
There were really only two issues here.

1) Christian Victories: In the mid-800s, the Umayyads in Spain arrived at a turning point. A massive number of Christians were beginning to immigrate to the weak Christian Kingdoms of Leon, Castille, the Basque Provinces, Aragon, Navarre, and Catalonia. Many of the Christians came from France and Germany and brought more recent European technologies with them. This led to the successes of the Reconquista in the late 800s and early 900s. By 1038, King Alfonso VI was ruling the Kingdom of Castille-Leon from Burgos and had El Cid (a famous Spanish general) conquer the Umayyad bastion of Toledo. These Christian victories strongly weakened faith in the longevity of the Umayyad project.

2) No Heirs: The Umayyad Caliph Hisham III had no heirs. When he died in 1038, there were no longer any Umayyads left to succeed him and continue the line. He did not style a soldier or bureaucrat to be his successor and regional governors claimed regional authority, resulting in the first Taifa Period of Andalucía.