Computer Programming

Logic gates are transistor circuits, normally arranged on a silicon base and encapsulated inside an integrated circuit. (chip).

Using several transistors wired together, their inputs can be arranged such that, for given inputs, the output will only change state for certain conditions.

The transistor switches are in either of two states, 'on' and 'off'. These are logic states 1 & 0 (one or zero), hence binary.

The logic uses Boolean algebra.

NOT, means it is 'not on', = OFF. This is abbreviated in the descriptions as the letter 'N'

A simple AND gate, means that the output is at level zero until both inputs have a level 1 voltage on them.

A NAND gate is a 'Not And' gate. The result is reversed. The output is always at logic level 1 until both inputs also have a level 1 also.

we can do this using two techniques:

here i m assuming that two number which is to be multiplied are given..

say 05H and 04H,

so coz 5*4 = 5+5+5+5 = 20

and 4*5 = 4+4+4+4+4 = 20

use this concept ...

MVI A,05H;

MVI B,04H;

L1:

ADD A;

DCR B;

JNZ : L1;

STA 2004H;

HLTType your answer here...

Devon is awsome. i meant AWSOME hunney

System design and system analysis are both important stages in the development of a software system, but they focus on different aspects of the process.

System analysis is the process of studying and understanding the existing system and its requirements, including its functions, inputs, outputs, and user needs. System analysts work closely with stakeholders to gather and document requirements, create use cases, and develop models of the current system.

System design, on the other hand, is the process of creating a new system or modifying an existing system to meet the requirements identified during the analysis stage. System designers use the requirements gathered during the analysis stage to create a detailed design of the new or modified system, including its architecture, components, and interfaces.

In summary, system analysis is focused on understanding the existing system and its requirements, while system design is focused on creating a new system or modifying an existing system to meet those requirements. Both are important stages in the development of a software system, and they often overlap and inform one another. Effective system analysis and design can lead to the development of a high-quality software system that meets the needs of its users.

Wide area network (WAN) that is usually a larger network that covers a large geographic area.

To repeatedly perform the logic inside the loop while the condition holds true (you would expect something inside the code block to eventually cause the test condition to evaluate as false).

Most basic examples given in text books use an incrementing variable which could also be implemented as a for loop:

int i = 0;

do {

i++;

} while (i < 100);

A better example would be:

bool door_opened;

do {

door_opened = ring_doorbell(); /* an example function*/

} while (door_opened == false);

PS its probably 10 years since I wrote any C so syntax might not be 100% accurate.

dont cheat on your exam

There is no single format. Binary code is merely the representation of numeric information encoded in binary. Humans use the symbols 0 and 1 to symbolise the binary digits (bits), but computers have no notion of a number let alone the intelligence to interpret the difference between a 1 or a 0. However, binary information can be encoded in many different ways.

In the early days of computers, the computer was programmed through a front panel of switches. The computer had several modes of operation which could be configured by turning these individual switches on or off. Once a configuration was set it could be committed to the computer's memory, which effectively copied the state of these switches to a much larger set of switches laid out in a large array, where each element in the array represented a separate instruction. Once all instructions were stored, they could be executed by copying them one after the other to the instruction register, another series of switches that actually set the mode of operation. By rapidly switching from one mode to the next, the computer was able execute a sequence of very simple instructions extremely quickly.

In order to encode these instructions so that the programmer could configure the input switches correctly, the instructions were encoded in binary notation using 1s and 0s, where a 1 meant the switch was on while a 0 meant the switch was off. The early computers didn't have many instructions -- they were only capable of a handful of very simple operations -- so there were very few switches. With 4 switches we can configure the machine in exactly 16 different ways:

0000 0001 0010 0011

0100 0101 0110 0111

1000 1001 1010 1011

1100 1101 1110 1111

Each additional switch doubles the number of configurations thus if the computer has 17 to 32 instructions we would use at least 5 switches while 33 to 64 instructions would require at least 6 switches, and so on.

Each binary digit (bit) represents an increasing power of 2 where the least significant bit represents 2^0, followed by 2^1, 2^2, 2^3 and so on. This is no different to decimal notation where each digit represents an increasing power of 10 (10^0, 10^1, 10^2, 10^3 and so on). Knowing this we can easily convert from binary to decimal, such that 1101 means (from least significant to most significant digit):

1 = 1x(2^0) = 1x1 = 1

0 = 0x(2^1) = 0x2 = 0

1 = 1x(2^2) = 1x4 = 4

1 = 1x(2^3) = 1x8 = 8

1+0+4+8 = 13

Thus 1101 is the binary equivalent of 13 decimal.

If we say that 1101 represents a specific machine instruction, then we really mean instruction 13. What that instruction means to the machine depends on the machine itself -- it is a machine code and machine codes are always machine-dependent (only machines of the same type will understand what instruction 13 means). Since it represents a specific machine instruction then we call it an operation code, or an opcode for short.

Opcode 13 may require operands (one or more inputs). For instance, if opcode 13 were one of the machine's move instructions, it will need two operands: a source and a destination. These must also be encoded in binary and these codes will either represent a memory address or a CPU register, depending on the operand types expected by the opcode.

CPU registers are a bank of switches that are used to specify the inputs and outputs required by the instruction register (which is also a CPU register). Two special registers are used to keep track of the current and the next instruction. Normally, the next instruction is the one that immediately follows the current instruction in memory. However, if the current instruction is a jump instruction, the encoding in the next instruction register may change, thus allowing the computer to a make decision and possibly jump to the appropriate instruction code when the next instruction becomes the current instruction.

Of course, today, we do not program machines through a series of front panel switches. But just as we can encode the state of these switches from a numeric binary notation, we can also convert to any other binary encoding. On magnetic media we use the flux transitions between positively and negatively charged particle clusters upon a ferromagnetic material. These transitions can be "read" by a computer and decoded into a series of alternating electrical impulses which can then be encoded within an array of accumulators with high or low electrical charges each of which can be maintained by a transistor that can also independently switch the state of the accumulator.

There are no actual numbers inside a computer, of course, they are all merely the encoded representations of numbers that must be encoded, decoded and shunted from one location to another according to the machine's current opcode. For humans it is obviously easier to record the machine's "state" using numeric binary values, but this is merely an abstraction. The machine has no more concept of a number than it does of a what a human is. It is a machine -- it has no actual intelligence. It simply has a number of modes that we can configure, nothing more and nothing less. But because its native "language" is binary, we use numeric binary notation as a human convenience. It allows us to instruct the computer in the only language it knows -- including the instructions necessary to translate binary encoded information into information we can understand, whether it is decimal numbers, written words, a picture, a movie or a sound.

Internet was first developed for military uses in the 1960's. Background was the accelerating competition for the race to moon. The network was designed to be nuclear weapon proof and that is why it still is very de-centralized.

A program is a sequence of instructions for a computer. Programs are written to tell a computer how to do a specific task.

when creating a computer program, system analyst design the structure of the program

Real-time systems run only programs that are intended to further the application at hand.Interactive systems are general purpose and may run arbitrary programs that are not cooperative or even malicious.

Mesh type of topology is the most reliable.

There have been 6 major versions. As of the time of this writing, the current stable release is Windows 7 (however, note that the internal version number is actually NT 6.1). Windows 8 (version NT 6.2) is currently in development.

For most major versions, there have been a few "minor" versions. This was evident in the name up to Windows 3.x. However, commercial branding has made the less evident since the introduction of Windows 95, which shared the same major version number (which was 4.x) with Windows 98 and Windows Me, for example. Windows 2000, Windows XP, and Windows Server 2003 all were version NT 5.x. And finally, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8, and Windows Server 2008 are all version NT 6.x.

To complicate things a little further, Microsoft started developing Windows NT, geared more toward business users, alongside the main line of Windows versions. This began with the initial release of Windows NT 3.1 in 1993. The Windows NT line was merged into (or, perhaps more properly, transformed into) the main line of Windows releases beginning with NT 5.1, also known as Windows XP. This was the first version of Windows NT to feature both Home and Professional editions, making it successor to both Windows 2000 (business oriented) and Windows Me (consumer oriented).

xml stands for extensible markup language, and it is not a programming language, it is markup language that allows for transfer of content or data across different platforms and systems.

Assembler- A computer program that takes computer instructions and converts them into a pattern of bits that the computer can understand and perform by it certain operations.

Compiler- program that processes statements written in a programming language and turns them into machine language that a computer's processor uses. this program get the syntax error in the written program

Conceptually speaking, both an assembler and a compiler do exactly the same thing: they take as input some language that is human-understandable, and translate that directly into machine code instructions that the computer can execute.

However, in common usage, an "assembler" refers specifically to a such a program that takes as its input assembly language. Assembly language is a very "low-level" programming language, where short acronyms as used to represent machine instructions. Thus, assembly language very, very closely mirrors the actual machine code being executed, and (realistically) is only very mildly "human readable". Assemblers do little more than directly translate the assembly source code into machine code - that is, they don't do optimization of their own, as assembly language is meant as a direct representation of the machine code, and thus no optimization is required (or, desired).

A "compiler" generally refers to any other instance of this concept, but usually means something that take a "higher-level language" (i.e. anything above assembly language) and translates that to machine code. Compilers generally need to be significantly "smarter" than an assembler, as the compiler does a whole lot more work, and thus, has the opportunity to make significantly optimizations when doing the source->machine code translation. That is, high-level languages allow for the expression of concepts of ideas, which make them ideal for humans to write programs in. The compiler must be sophisticated enough to take these ideas and convert them into concrete machine code instructions. In addition, better compilers notice places where shortcuts can be taken (optimizations) given the overall structure of the input source code.

Mac OS X is mostly written in Objective C utilising Apple's Cocoa frameworks (See links below). Some core aspects of the system are written in C. probably objective-C ... which is mac's version of C++ - which other opperating systems (and everything else) is written in ... and C of course, which is an older version of C++.

Though if you want to be technical, that code has to be compiled into Assembly language and or machine code - which the processor understands.

Think of a sector(section) as your neighborhood and a cluster as a house thats part of that neighborhood.

There is no need for paging at all if your programs doesn't ask for it.

Globally you should have at least 2MB of it. Some games and programs demands more.

An Optical Character Reader is a machine used--like at a Post Office, for example--to read particular data. I learned a lot about the Post Office's OCR machine and it reads the Zip Code and is capable of spraying the Bar Code onto the mail. Hope this helps! If I had more time, I would research it.it can also be seen in departmental stores to get the prices and description about products.

Some functions do and some don't. So it depends on which function you use. Some need more information, like ones that are calculating something like SUM or AVERAGE. Others do not need any arguments like the TODAY function which gives the current date on the computer. So for each function you need to check how to use it and as part of that you will have to find out if it uses arguments and the type and amount of arguments it uses.

Some functions do and some don't. So it depends on which function you use. Some need more information, like ones that are calculating something like SUM or AVERAGE. Others do not need any arguments like the TODAY function which gives the current date on the computer. So for each function you need to check how to use it and as part of that you will have to find out if it uses arguments and the type and amount of arguments it uses.

Some functions do and some don't. So it depends on which function you use. Some need more information, like ones that are calculating something like SUM or AVERAGE. Others do not need any arguments like the TODAY function which gives the current date on the computer. So for each function you need to check how to use it and as part of that you will have to find out if it uses arguments and the type and amount of arguments it uses.

Some functions do and some don't. So it depends on which function you use. Some need more information, like ones that are calculating something like SUM or AVERAGE. Others do not need any arguments like the TODAY function which gives the current date on the computer. So for each function you need to check how to use it and as part of that you will have to find out if it uses arguments and the type and amount of arguments it uses.

Some functions do and some don't. So it depends on which function you use. Some need more information, like ones that are calculating something like SUM or AVERAGE. Others do not need any arguments like the TODAY function which gives the current date on the computer. So for each function you need to check how to use it and as part of that you will have to find out if it uses arguments and the type and amount of arguments it uses.

Some functions do and some don't. So it depends on which function you use. Some need more information, like ones that are calculating something like SUM or AVERAGE. Others do not need any arguments like the TODAY function which gives the current date on the computer. So for each function you need to check how to use it and as part of that you will have to find out if it uses arguments and the type and amount of arguments it uses.

Some functions do and some don't. So it depends on which function you use. Some need more information, like ones that are calculating something like SUM or AVERAGE. Others do not need any arguments like the TODAY function which gives the current date on the computer. So for each function you need to check how to use it and as part of that you will have to find out if it uses arguments and the type and amount of arguments it uses.

Some functions do and some don't. So it depends on which function you use. Some need more information, like ones that are calculating something like SUM or AVERAGE. Others do not need any arguments like the TODAY function which gives the current date on the computer. So for each function you need to check how to use it and as part of that you will have to find out if it uses arguments and the type and amount of arguments it uses.

Some functions do and some don't. So it depends on which function you use. Some need more information, like ones that are calculating something like SUM or AVERAGE. Others do not need any arguments like the TODAY function which gives the current date on the computer. So for each function you need to check how to use it and as part of that you will have to find out if it uses arguments and the type and amount of arguments it uses.

Some functions do and some don't. So it depends on which function you use. Some need more information, like ones that are calculating something like SUM or AVERAGE. Others do not need any arguments like the TODAY function which gives the current date on the computer. So for each function you need to check how to use it and as part of that you will have to find out if it uses arguments and the type and amount of arguments it uses.

Some functions do and some don't. So it depends on which function you use. Some need more information, like ones that are calculating something like SUM or AVERAGE. Others do not need any arguments like the TODAY function which gives the current date on the computer. So for each function you need to check how to use it and as part of that you will have to find out if it uses arguments and the type and amount of arguments it uses.

Because that is the definition

ASCII represents Latin characters of the English alphabet (there are no English characters) the character set is called "Latin"

The 95 ASCII graphic characters are numbered from 0x20 to 0x7E (32 to 126 decimal). The space character is considered a non-printing graphic

Visit the link below for some in depth information.