Consumer Electronics

Bipolar junction transistors has two junctions base emitter junction, base collector junction. Accordingly there are four different regions of operation in which either of the two junctions are forward biased reverse biased or both. But the BJT can be effectively operated in there different modes according to the external bias voltage applied at each junction. i.e. Transistor in active region, saturation and cutoff. The other region of operation of BJT is called as inverse active region.

The Hubble Space Telescope cost about $1.5 billion to build and place into orbit. From its first pictures, imaging teams realized there was a problem. It turns out the primary mirror was ground incorrectly. The curvature was not to specification, and as an image was analyzed from the center out, the clarity of the image fell off. Poor resolution at the edges of an image made analysis of anything little more than a point object out of the question.

The problem was traced to a null corrector at the mirror manufacturer's site. It was assembled with incorrect spacing in a component, and the null corrector was then used to check the mirror and guide grinding during the shaping of the surface of the reflector. The flaw in the instrument was translated onto the mirror.

A link to the Wikipedia article on the Hubble is provided. So is one to a N.Y. Times article on the glitch.

Incidentally, the Mars Rovers have been spectacularly successful, and continue operating a full six years beyond their expected mission lifespan. The question might be referring to the unsuccessful Mars Climate Orbiter, which was launched in December, 1998.

Any logic gate from which all other logic gate functions can be derived. The two universal gates are NAND and NOR.

A junction is formed when two or more roads, pathways, or circuits meet or intersect. In the context of electrical circuits, a junction occurs where multiple components connect, allowing for the flow of current through various paths. Junctions are essential for directing traffic, both in transportation systems and electrical networks, facilitating movement and connectivity. The design and configuration of a junction can significantly impact efficiency and safety in both domains.

is this coil a single shot solenoid or is it used as a filter i assume you want to know a good value for a varistor to stop voltage spikes from the reverse EMF which is aprox. 4X the input voltage. so i would say to use 2X-3X the input Voltage so 48 or 72 Volt MOV (Metal oxide varistor) You want the varistor to be several volts greater than the peak voltage of the signal across which it is connected. 24 volts is probably the RMS value of the coils voltage. Your varistor must be selected to be greater than the peak voltage. When the voltage exceeds the clamping voltage of the varistor, it conducts current, preventing the voltage from reaching a dangerous level. If the elevated voltage is maintained for too long a time, the varistor will heat to a point where the metals in it melt and fuse together, causing a short. This also poses the posibility of a fire risk, as the current is now conducting heavily through the varistor. This is what often happens to a varistor in a power strip when lightening strikes nearby. It renders the power strip useless. But the connected devices are usually spared.

Any system you design will have an input and an output. The output will connect to the input of another system which will load it, so when you are designing any system you have to consider how loading it will effect the circuit performance.

The Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET)exhibits characteristics which often make it more suited to a particular application than the bipolar transistor. Some of these applications are:

- High Input Impedance Amplifier

- Low-Noise Amplifier

- Differential Amplifier

- Constant Current Source

- Analogue Switch or Gate

- Voltage Controlled Resistor

Tig, or tungsten inert gas welding used to be known as Heliarc welding when it was first developed in 1941, because helium was then used as the inert gas. As the process has developed and progressed the name was changed to Tungsten Inert Gas welding. Argon or a combination including argon is now more widely used as the inert gas for this process.

There are two conductors were electricity begins and runs through wires which make energy come out of a battery.

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In the center of each cell there is a rod called a cathode. It is usually composed of graphite. Surrounding this cathode there is an electrolytic substance which acts as a medium to conduct electricity. The cathode and electrolytic substance are separated from the outer container by a cardboard tube. This assembly is sealed into a metallic cylinder. In older type batteries this cylinder was made of zinc. This part of the battery is known as the anode. When a load is connected between the cathode (+) and the anode (-) terminals, a chemical reaction takes place between the cathode and the electrolytic material. This chemical reaction generates a 1.5 volt potential between the two terminals.

The MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) system does not care about the range of frequency of the actual instrument it is playing. It is an event oriented system, much like a player piano, not like a tape recorder, so what is recorded are key down and key up (and other) events, rather than musical waveform events.

A processor, or more commonly a CPU, is an individualized processing device. It may contain multiple cores.

A core is a bank of registers and dedicated cache structure that performs all of a processor's tasks, but is not an entire processor. For example, more multi-core processors have a separate array of logic functions that are not integrated with the core, such as the Memory Controller in AMD Phenom and Phenom II processors. There is one (or two, in the Phenom II) memory controllers total for the processor, reguardless of the number of cores.

Think of a 'core' as a cylinder in an engine. A V8 enginer has 4 'cores', but the engine is the 'processor'. You can have a V12 or a W32 or a V4 or any of another combination, but there's only one processor. However the number of cores can greatly influence the overall power and capability of the processor.

This space is for answering "http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Why_does_voltage_remain_constant_in_the_reverse_breakdown_region_in_a_zener_diode" Why does voltage remain constant in the reverse breakdown region in a zener diode?

Electrons have negative charges, and unlike neutrons and protons are located on the outside of the atom. They are generally located in electron clouds around the atom, and stay there because of their attraction to protons that are in the nucleus of the atom.

there is difference between doping levels.In normal PN junction diode we add 1 impurity for 108 atoms where as in tunnel diode we add 1 impurity for 103 atoms.there is a probability that electrons may penetrate through barrier.So will not disappear

in tunnel diode we get maximum current before barrier disappear where as we get maximum current after break down(there is no barrier)

this effect lies within a certain voltage limit of 0.4V.

When we consider the energy band structure in case of PN junction diode the fermi level lies inside the forbidden energy gap.In case of tunnel diode,the fermi level lies outside the forbidden energy band.

In tunnel diode, there is a topic about negative resistance region where as we cannot discuss it in PN junction diode.

ur friend,

uma.

A cable tray is a rigid structure to support electric cables.

L.E.D or light emitting diode A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source.[3] LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting. Introduced as a practical electronic component in 1962,[4] early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but modern versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness

electron mobility in nand 3 times more tat of nor gate. This makes nand faster than nor.

a number of kit-type electronic devices such as radio transmitter sets- like one by GE If I remember correctly, were marketed in transparent cases, so on display all the major components of the set- tubes, transistors, capacitors, relays, etc would be clearly visible and usually a circuit diagram was printed on the breadboard of the assembly- do not confuse with printed circuits- this is more like a map or assembly diagram. They were clearly angled at the youth and especially the Science-Fair market.

Zener breakdown is the phenomena wherein the Zener diode experiences reverse breakdown at a much lower voltage than a normal diode, which may breakdown in excess of 100 volts, depending on the type. This is useful because the Zener will hold the same voltage after breakdown, regardless of the input voltage, making them excellent for voltage controlled switches and references.

The data processing cycle is the process of converting data into useful information.

The data is processed again and again until the accurate result is achieved.

The three basic activities of data processing are:

1. Input

2. Processing

3. Output

At over 11,000 volts, the victim will usually pass away.

Check the instructions that come with the stun gun. Most stun guns do require charging for the first time.

You would be drawing more current. It would be the same as adding more load to the circuit in a vehicle, say more lights. The lights would just be seen as more load (a resistive load in the case of incandescent lights). Add more lights (resistors) and more current is needed. The ammeter would indicate a higher current draw.

The Taser was invented by Jack Cover in the late 1960s. Cover was a NASA researcher who was interested in finding a non-lethal way to stop suspects without using firearms. He named his device the Taser, which stands for "Thomas A. Swift's Electric Rifle," after a character in a series of adventure novels. The first Taser was developed in 1969 and was initially used by law enforcement agencies in the 1970s. Since then, Tasers have become a common non-lethal weapon used by police and military forces around the world.

I have a link in bio that may catch your interest.

Thank you!