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Database Programming
Databases are collections of tables that maintain and display information, often collaboratively; this information can be used for interaction with an application or gaining general knowledge. Questions about database engines and modifying or using them belong in this category.
8,803 Questions
A database view is a logical table query that permits the database architect to create a special view of data without having to have a larger complex query used each time. This makes the query run faster than even using prepared statements.
For example, you might create a view to show the last 10 blog posts, which would allow you to simply say:
select * from `last_10_posts`
instead of
select * from post order by post_date desc limit 10 where public = true and owner_id = 5
As you can see, using a view can greatly the preparation time of a query, and also allows you to change the implementation of the underlying view without having to go to each place where that query takes place and update the code multiple times.
Where is world's main server and how much storage does it have?
The world does not have a centralised, main server, but rather, a group of them. ICANN, a California-based not-for-profit institute, is responsible for all IP addresses in the world, and its servers can be called the world's "main" ones.
Can you reboot with function keys?
There is no direct function on a Windows PC to reboot using function keys. But shortcuts can be assigned to function keys by some programming to add functions like reboot. There are some shareware utilities which can help you reboot with single button click (one of the function keys) e.g. Winshutdown.
http://code.google.com/p/winshutdown/
http://www.topshareware.com/Winshutdown-download-13448.htm
- Neeraj Sharma
What is the function of OLE DB provider?
Ole DB is a mechanism that allows applications to connect to databases that support the Ole DB framework. This is a Windows technology. This technology allows application developers to write software that can target any database, making the code for database manupulation simpler and easier to implement. As an aside, Ole, which used to stand for Object Linking and Embedding, was dropped to "Ole" when Microsoft discovered you cant trademark an acronymn.
What is the period when civilizations began to develop?
The first known civilization to develop was the Mesopotamians so it was probably during the Copper Age (3600 - 2800 B.C.).
What are the four functions of the Information Processing Cycle?
The four functions of the Information Processing Cycle are input, processing, output, and storage. This is the cycle that computers must perform for the viewer to get their information.
What is geographical filing system?
Filing by country/state/county, and then by alphabetical or numerical order by name or account number.
The idea of a filter is to reduce down the amount of record you get. Usually you won't want to get a list of every record in a database. If it is a list of people, you may only want to get the males or only want to get people who live in a certain town or who are above a certain age. Whatever criteria you are using, you are in effect filtering the data. That is what queries are mainly used for, as most queries don't display all the records, just some that fit certain criteria.
What OS is the other machine, and what program are you running? I believe Sun uses a different architecture than most other machines, but I can't remember off the top of my head.
What is a Concordance database?
Concordance is a tool used in legal discovery. Electronic documents can be searched, viewed, and labled using Concordance.
MIS
viewed as an IS infrastructure
generates standard and exceptional reports and summaries
organized along functional areas
developed by IS department
DSS
a problem solving tool
used to address ad hoc and unexpected problems
end user tool
More answers and examples:
http://answers.google.com/answers/threadview?id=77598
http://www.life-tech.idv.tw/ecdic/detail.asp?id=167
Which statements describe the logical token-passing topology?
Computers are allowed to transmit data only when they possess a token.
Electronic tokens are passed sequentially to each other.
Draw functional decomposition diagram with an example?
Functional is another word for workable. Decomposition is another word for falling apart. diagram is another word for drawing. I hope you can find someone who understands your question better than I have
The data base are not people but people make the data base like Steve jobs is a data base maker
Difference between management information system and data processing system?
Data processing versus Management information
Most managers have a systematic way of developing information. In many instances, managers obtain information by informal means. Along with informal information, a formal, routine and systematic means of obtaining information is very important for every manager.
Data Processing
'Data' are facts and figures while 'processing' is manipulation of those facts and figures. Data processing means performing operations, through which facts and figures are collected, assigned meaning, communicated to others and retained for later use. The data processing cycle is shown below…
Figure 3-2: Data processing cycle
Record Classify Communicate
Sort
Calculate
Summarize
Compare
Management Information and Decision Making
Management information and decision making systems are already providing valuable tools for public works agencies where they have been implemented. The categories of these tools range widely and include artificial intelligence systems and decision models. Public works managers have found maintenance managers and GIS particularly useful in their activities.
Management information system (MIS)
The data processing along with other data provide input for the MIS. The interactions of data processing with MIS at different levels of management can be seen below…
Figure 3-3: Interactions of data processing and MIS
Top management
Middle management
Operating systems
Typically, data processing and MIS both are built up from the database through control and planning.
Maintenance Management Information Systems
Maintenance Management Information Systems are essentially database management systems that allow managers to set priorities and schedule preventive maintenance. The system can track all maintenance activities and work crews, materials, and time to repair data, permitting planning for future activities.
Decision Support System
Decision support system recognizes the fact that automates systems will not replace the manager. Decision support system reduces uncertainty and hence enhances the quality of management. A decision support system will accomplish one or more of the following:
- Retrieve specific pieces of data.
- Analyze data elements in the data base.
- Interact with several data bases and analyze problems.
- Estimate the consequences of decisions.
- Propose decisions.
MIS can be defined as a "network of computer-based data processing procedures developed in an organization and integrated as necessary with other manual, mechanical and/or electronic procedures for the purpose of providing timely and effective information to support decision making……" [1]
There are four main factors, which must be taken into account in developing and producing information.
- Timeliness - Out of date information is of no use to the manager.
- Completeness - All of the information must be included, particularly for decision support system.
- Conciseness - The system must be able to summarize vast amounts of data that is generally dumped onto the manager.
- Relevance - One of the goals of MIS is to produce information that will generate action or provide insight.
Computer Use
Information systems depend on the computer. Hence, the design of the computer system will affect the information system. The arrangement of basic system or the manner in which they are managed will affect the information system.
Centralized versus Decentralized data processing
In centralized data processing all assets are controlled and operated by a single department whereas in decentralized data processing each department has its own data processing operation, funds its own requirements and reports to higher management on the success or failure of its data processing support.
Distributive data processing
Computer technology has assisted in reducing the problem of centralization versus decentralization. Distributive data processing takes advantage of both these types of techniques. For organization-wide applications, the mainframe is used via the communication link. Selective data from each system can be sent back and forth as required. Consequently, the best of both systems can be utilized and the results a cost-effective and service driven data processing systems.
Geographic Information Systems
GIS are computer systems designed to manage information related to geographic locations. They can also store, analyze, and retrieve large volumes of non-graphic data from other systems and display graphic-map images and ties them to descriptive data from a specific location. The system allows the user to enter, retrieve, manipulate, store and display geographic information quickly and accurately.
GIS information includes two forms of data:
Spatial data: Based on a geographic coordinate system; items can include land parcel, area and district, facility, and natural features.
Attribute data: Traditional database information that can be referenced geographically, such as by addresses, and can include location by events, conditions, demographics, and construction permits or police reports
Microcomputers
Microcomputers are being used increasingly for stand-alone functions that might be too expensive to program on a mainframe. Some examples of stand-alone functions are:
- Fleet management
- Project management
- Traffic signal timing optimization
- Sanitation routing
- Storm water drainage analysis
- Pavement management
- Hardy cross-flow analysis
Use of microcomputers in organizations has both advantages and disadvantages. For data processing operation it frees up response time. They represent computing ability in the form of spreadsheet programs that are not available on mainframes. The major disadvantage is the loss of control by the top management.
Databases
The earlier computer applications were characterized by large volume of redundant transactions on punched cards. The applications that followed allowed the speed and processing power of the computer to be exploited. But still, each application needed its own data file due to which expensive duplication of data was called for. This lead to the development of standardized data files called data bases. These data bases, once inserted into the system, can be accessed by all the application programs. In addition to the advantage of shared data base management systems have the ability to sort, rearrange and present the data for report purposes.
Expert Systems
Expert systems are computer programs that attempt to duplicate an expert's reasoning process to solve problems in a given field. Unlike conventional computer programs that process algorithms, expert systems use heuristics ("if-then" rules) to advise and guide users.
Systems that can be useful to public works managers include a computer model to determine whether a contaminated industrial site can be cleaned up or whether the contamination poses a permanent hazard
Do's and Don'ts for developing a public works MIS
DO: Talk to a data processing manger before making decisions on budgeting, motor equipment and other tasks that involve data.
DO: Learn about data processing to facilitate the facts and ideas with the data processing manager.
DO: Consider the cost of computerization. Will the benefits equal or greater that costs.
DO: Review operations thoroughly prior to computerization.
DO: Evaluate the manual system now in place.
DO: Thoroughly understand the purposes, goals and objectives of the operation.
DON'T: Go out and buy a microcomputer before u know what u want it to accomplish.
DON'T: Buy a microcomputer without consulting the data processing manager about
compatibility and commonability.
DON'T: Ask the data processing office for one-time reports that cost more to produce
than the value received.
DON'T: Forget that MIS is a resource to assist the manager, reduce uncertainty and
improve decisions.
References:
- Donald H. Sanders and Stanley J. Birkin, Computers and Management, 3rd ed. (New York: McGraw Hill, 1980).
2.Don Nelson and Edward Brinson Serra , Public Works Receiving the Goods, ( Houston :Philbrook, 1986
What is the algorithm to find largest node in a binary search tree?
Since a binary search tree is ordered to start with, to find the largest node simply traverse the tree from the root, choosing only the right node (assuming right is greater and left is less) until you reach a node with no right node. You will then be at the largest node.
for (node=root; node!= NULL&&node->right != NULL; node=node->right);
This loop will do this. There is no body because all the work is done in the control expressions.
How do you insert a record into the table which has an identity column?
In Microsoft Access you can insert a record directly via the table object, execute an append query, enter a record into a data bound form or write a record programatically via the recordset object. In Access an identity column is referred to as a Primary Key. If the Primary Key column's data type is set to autonumber then the column is read only and will automatically be assigned the next unique number (datatype long) within that table. If the Primary Key column's data type is NOT set to autonumber then you must provide a unique, non-null value when adding the record.
Append Query on a table with an autonumber Primary Key:
Insert into tbl_Test (Test_FirstName, Test_LastName) Values ('George', 'Washington')
Append Query on a table with an non-autonumber Primary Key:
Insert into tbl_Test (Test_Id, Test_FirstName, Test_LastName) Values (1,"George","Washington")
Home computers are used more extensively than ever for tasks such as banking and shopping.?
They keep track of how much money is in your acount.
What is the difference between hard disks and floppy disks?
hard disks are generally contains within the computer and contain FAR more memory than a floppy disk does. floppy disks generally contain 1.44 mb where as hard drives are constantly developing and are currently about 1TB MAX. floppy disks are external in the same way as CD's
C program To sort a string in ascending order?
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
int i,j,d;
char ch[20],temp;
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter the no.of string:");
scanf("%d",&d);
printf("\nEnter the strings:");
for(i=0;i<d;i++)
{
gets(ch[i])
}
printf("\nThe strings are:");
for(i=0;i<d;i++)
{
printf("\n%s",ch[i]);
}
for(i=0;i<d;i++)
{
for(j=i+1;j<d;j++)
if(ch[i]>ch[j])
{
temp=ch[i];
ch[i]=ch[j];
ch[i]=temp;
}
}
getch();
}
