History of Islam

The weapons used during the Spanish Reconquista were different for the cavalry and infantry. The knights of the cavalry used javelins, thrusting spears, long swords, and the Visigothic axe. The peasants of the infantry used the longbow, composite bow, crossbow, spears, and short swords.

Saladin died after 3 months after when Richard stopped the crusade and went back to England. people still wonder about how UNstoppable they would have been if they had joined forces

There are four main founders of the Taliban. The founders are Mullah Mohammed Omar, Hamid Gul, Abdul Ghani, Baradar, and Baitullah Mehsud. The Taliban was created in 1994.

The Battle of Tours occurred more than 400 years before Saladin was born. It was fought in southern France 732 C.E., where the Christian forces led by the Frank Charles Martel managed to hold back a much larger Muslim army under the command of Emir Abd er-Rahman al-Ghaafeqi. Saladin was born in 1138 in Tikrit, Iraq and was involved in numerous wars in Egypt, Yemen, Iraq, but most importantly along the Levantine coast. His most famous rivals were his former Zengid Dynasty masters in Egypt, the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem (including Balian of Ibelin), and the armies of the Third Crusade (led by Richard the Lionheart).

D. Portraiture. Muslims believed strongly in not painting people or animals, as a result, portraiture did not advance in the Islamic World until Western colonization and imperialism. There were numerous advances in Optics, Mathematics, and Medicine by individuals like Alhazen, al-Khwarizmi, and Avicenna respectively.

osama binladen

On farms or in villages.

Unlike western parts of the Mughal Empire most of our culture remained the same, not much influence on Bangladesh really, except the conversations.

The cast of Escape from Taliban - 2003 includes: Dhruv as Ahmed Kavita as Fauzi Abhilasha as Gul Kanisha as Gulbibi Ferozeh as Gulghutti Imane as Imane Shubhrajyoti as Jalil Benika as Sadagi Browny as Taliban thug Jasvin Bambra as Rohana Pooja Banerjee as Baban Sushovan Banerjee as Indian embassy staff Parveen Bano as Sultan-bibi Nirmal Bhawnani as Musa Vedant Biswas as Sultan Mithun Bose as Dinar Narayan Dan Charan as Taliban thug Denis Fernandes as Mirrajal Jagraj Ghooman as Taliban thug Yusuf Hussain as Colonel Banerjee Shabnam Kapoor as Pablu Sunil Kapoor as Siddique Ashok Kaushik as Taliban thug Alyy Khan as Abdul Malik Hasim Khan as Afghan embassy staff Ali Khan as Asam Chacha Jahangir Khan as Kala Akbar Khan as Sawali Nadir Khan as Taliban thug Baby Krishna as Kismat Baby Krupa as Tinni Shakila Majid as Nalesira Vineeta Malik as Abu Kamal Malik as Taliban thug Naren Mallik as Adraman Sahil Mallik as Roshandar Hansika Motwani as Guncha Syed Shadabali as Suleman Nawab Shah as Jaanbaz Khan Asha Sharma as Anuradha Baby Shivani as Savera Savi Sidhu as Rammajan Krupa Sindhwad as Tinni Vicky Singh as Taliban thug Dharmendra Singh as Taliban thug Yogi Singh as Taliban thug Preetam Singh as Taliban thug Veer Singh as Taliban thug Yogendra Singh Rathore as Taliban thug Jogendra Singh Rathore as Taliban thug Jyoti Subramaniam as Gulabi Shivani Tanksale as Zarina Shoorveer Tyagi as Omar Abdullah Pritam Wadhwa as Farid Khan Prithvi Zutshi as Dranai Chacha Vasundhara Zutshi as Sorina

The Taliban was never in Iraq. It was formerly the governing authority in Afghanistan (1991-2001) and is now a rebel group that controls territory in some of southeast Afghanistan and the northwest Pakistan region of Waziristan.

Yes he was. He was from kurdistan e azad basha alami sagbab.

There are several Medieval Historians, such as Ibn Athir, who make it clear that Saladin was a Kurd.

After the mongol invasion.

Isabell and her Husband King Ferdinand inflicted the final military defeat on the Moors in 1492. Various Spanish kingdoms fought to evict the Moors over seven centuries.

Mostly in the early middle ages.

Islam lays great stress on getting knowledge. It is obligatory on each Muslim, man and woman, to seek knowledge. It encouraged Muslim scholars to explore new horizons in science and literature.

Christianity was dominant and Islamic armies were defeated at the Battle of Tours in 732 C.E. and the Siege of Vienna in 1529 C.E., preventing the expansion of Islam through Europe prior to the 20th century.

Umayyads

As to the Spanish episode, the Turks in 1480 attacked the south Italian city of Otranto. 12, 000 people were killed, the rest made slaves. The Turks killed every cleric in the city and sawed the archbishop in two. So Queen Isabel sent a fleet to Italy. In September of 1480, when it was clear the Turks might do the same to any coastal city, Isabel established the Inquisition. It dealt with the special problem of those who pretended to become Christian, but were not really converted, and might open the gates of the city to the Turks. The Jews and Moslems fought side by side in battle at this time. Muslims and Jews did not fall under the jurisdiction of the Inquisition because they were not baptized. On the other hand: All properly baptized persons, being Christians and members of the Catholic Church, came under the jurisdiction of the Inquisition.

The defeat of Prithviraj Chauhan in the Second battle of Tarain (1192) by Muhammad Ghori. After Ghori's death, his slave Qutub-ud-din Aibak proclaimed himself as the ruler of India and the Delhi Sultanate was formed (1206-1526).

Ottoman Empire

The Arabs were primarily a mercantile people who favored trade. They took control of the main trade routes that had been primarily in the control of the Persians, Soghdians (Iranians of Central Asia and ancestors of the Tajik and Uzbeks) and Indians.

They took control of the lucrative silk trade that connedted east and west as well as all trade from the Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman and Arabian Sea. Arab, Persian, Aramean and Indian seafarers travelled to the coast of Africa and to South East Asia and exhanged goods with other powers.

Once the entire region between Arabia and Central Asia came under a single political entity, local wars and borders no longer hindered trade.

Also, another way the Islamic Caliphate propsered was through the constant raiding of non Muslim lands in the Hindu Kush, Central Asia and along the borders of the Byzantine Empire and Africa. Many slaves were captured through these campaigns and the save markets flourished, bringing a great deal of revenue.

If you consider the Secular Islam and Mu'tazilite Islam to be acceptable forms of Islam, then yes, but Sunni and Shiite Orthodoxy both had nothing to do with the Islamic Golden Age, and, more often than not, actively opposed it. There are several reasons for this:

1) Irreligious and Mu'tazilite Leaders: For the most part, the rulers of both the Umayyad and Abbassid Caliphate were not traditional Sunni Muslims. While the Umayyads were nominally Sunni, they were not well seen as Sunnis and had much the same reputation as the Secular Arab Dictators (like Sissi, Qadhafi, and Saddam Hussein) have today. They frequently drank alcohol. Almost all of them had harems and more than four wives. All of them disrespected the call for humility and lived in luxurious palaces. They spent much more on internal infrastructure than on mosques or theology. In fact the entire Sufi movement developed as a rejection of the Umayyad Caliphs' religious authority and this actually began the tradition in the Islamic World of having religious and sovereign authority vested in two distinct individuals. (For example in the later Turkish Empires, there would be a Caliph with religious authority and a sultan with sovereign power.)

The Abbassids were more religious than the Umayyads, but they were not Sunnis; they were Mu'tazilites, which is a now-dead sect of Islam that believed exclusively that God could be understood through rational analysis. They even performed as an Inquisition against Sunni and Shiite Islamic Orthodoxy, turning Ibn Hanbal (the founder of the Hanbali School of Jurisprudence) into a martyr by killing him over this theological dispute. Since the Abbassids valued literature and knowledge as religious imperatives, things that would be rejected by their Sunni Successors, they supported the creation of vast libraries, translating academies, and became patrons of the arts. It should not be surprising that as the power of the Abbassids waned (due to invasions from Sunni Seljuqs and Ismaili Shiite Fatimids) the Islamic Golden Age came to a close, even as the territory remained under powerful Islamic Empires.

2) Incorporation of Pre-Islamic Nobility & Mawali: The majority of the scientists in the Islamic Golden Age were not Arabs, but were Persians, Amazigh (Berber), Byzantines, Muladi (Spaniards), and Turkic Peoples. The reason for this was that the academic skills and knowledge were vested in these groups of people prior to the Arab conquest and the Umayyads and Abbassids had the good sense to allow these people to continue in their positions. To avoid the jizya and retain influence, many of these individuals converted to Islam, but they still retained their expertise. It is for this reason that we have a burst of brilliance among Mawali (Non-Arab Muslims) that we do not see among Arab Muslims in the same degree. If it was Islam that was motivating science and discoveries, we should see a similar or higher percentage of Arabs making discoveries than Non-Arabs since they have been indoctrinated in the religion for longer. However, what we see is the reverse, with almost all discoveries coming from Non-Arabs.

3) Neo-Platonism vs. Occasionalism: Neo-Platonism, which allows for a scientific vision of the world that complements theology, has generally been correlated with successful and technologically progressive societies. During the period of 800-1100, Neo-Platonism was dominant in the Islamic Caliphates. Thinkers like al-Farabi supported and promoted it. Conversely in the 1100s, al-Ghazali lead a counter-movement called Occasionalism, which basically held that science and maths are attempts to remove God from the world and understanding it. This would make science and maths effectively into blasphemies. His work fundamentally changed the landscape and Neo-Platonism was effectively defeated in the Islamic World. Ibn Rushd tried to resuscitate it, but by his time, it was too late.

4) Who Is Counted: Often times, people who were seen as Atheists or Non-Muslims worthy of death by the Muslim community of their time are now being counted as part of the Islamic Golden Age. While their contributions are noteworthy, they were fundamentally opposed by Muslims. Some such examples include Ibn Rushd (who was physically threatened for violating Sunni Islamic Orthodoxy), Ibn Sina (who was called an apostate by al-Ghazali), Maimonides (who was chased from his home by the Fundamentalist Sunni Almohads), Ibn Kamuna (who was hounded by Sunni Muslim mobs), Omar Khayyam (who was ostracized from his Sufi community).

Pakistan is a country, an Islamic republic. The Taliban is a faction of inhabitants in Pakistan that wants to bring about cultural change in accordance with its view of Islamic traditions and teachings. Overall Pakistan could best be described as multi-cultural and multi-ethnic.

In terms of what the Taliban control in Pakistan, they control a region in the northwest of the country that is historically called Waziristan. The Pakistani central government controls the reast of the country.

The cast of Taliban Surfer - 2010 includes: Rachel Abrams as Girl on beach Jasper Graham as Surfer Devin Hillingsworth III as Translator Davis Sanborn as Taliban Surfer

The Ottoman Empire was not the largest Muslim Empire as the Umayyad Empire in 749 CE was larger.

However, it may be the most influential Muslim Empire, but that is up to the perception of the person discussing it.