History of Islam

The term "First Megadeath" is not a term typically used either by Muslims, Islamic Scholars, or Islamologists, so there is no answer to the question exactly as written.

If the question is asking more generally as to who Muslims see as the first foreign leader or general to inflict massive human and societal cost on Muslims on the level of millions of dead and irreparable financial catastrophe, this would undoubtedly be HÜLEGÜ KHAN of the Mongol Empire, who smashed the Khwarezmian and Abbassid Empires to the ground and razed the city of Baghdad so completely that it did not gain pre-Hülegü levels of inhabitation until the 20th century.

The migrants are largely responsible for spreading Islam, since they are the only western-style Islamic country, Turkish migrations outward tended to happen during the Ottoman Empire, where Turkish Elites would settle the territories of the Balkans to acquire much more land and prestige. They would bring their religion with them, resulting in the conversion of many Bosnians, Kosovars, Albanians, and Bulgars. This expanded Islamic Civilization into Southeast Europe.

The Greco-Turkish Wars of the early 20th century had the reverse effect, Turkish migrants returned from Greece, Bulgaria, and other places back to Turkey, making the Islamic World more compact.

becasue they were very stupids

i dont know

It has more to do with Islamic custom than on the Taliban enforcing it. The Koran speaks of men and women dressing modestly and mentions the head scarf (hijab) as something women should wear. The full body Burqa being a fairly conservative form of that.

Also even though the Taliban are now gone many Warlords in the South of the country still enforce it. Around the capital Kabul they have declined heavily but still religious women wear in particular continue to wear it voluntarily.

No. The Taliban is a Fundamentalist Islamist Group. They actually fought against the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan in the 1980s and the puppet Communist Government of Afghanistan.

In terms of politics, they are much close to European fascists of the middle of the 20th century without the corporatist aspect of the fascists' policies.

In the Middle Ages, Muslims treated non-Muslims in a way that was superior to contemporaneous civilizations and introduced the concept of religious tolerance (as opposed to Europe which was practicing the exact opposite at the time). However, it is nothing close to equality or Rights. An important thing to note is that the concept of Rights comes out the Enlightenment. Prior to this point, there was a system of privilege wherein the Ruler would provide privileges (out of the kindness of his heart) to a certain group of people to do acts. A person did not have the "right" to anything and this was the mentality worldwide.

The Pact of Omar was a document of submission signed by the Caliph Omar and defeated Christians and Jews during one of Omar's Wars. While the factual accuracy of that story may be doubted, there is no doubt that the Pact of Omar formed the basis for the treatment of non-Muslims in the conquered territories. The Pact of Omar set out a number of regulations that will be described in this answer.

The Dhimmi, or non-Muslim under Muslim occupation was required by the Pact of Omar to pay a number of taxes that were connected with his Dhimmi status. The most famous was the jizya, which was a tax that Dhimmi had to pay for Muslims for the right to not be killed where they stood for not acknowledging Mohammed's Prophecy; it was a form of humiliation. Additional taxes included the kharaj, which was a tax on non-Muslim* land-holdings in the Muslim World. The kharaj was so untenable that most Dhimmi were forced to live in the cities where the tax would not be applicable. There was also inequality concerning the justice system. On paper, a Christian or Jew could testify against a Muslim, but in reality, such testimony was not acceptable and the attempt to defame a Muslim would receive retribution. Christians and Jews were not allowed to build new houses of worship, restore old houses of worship, proselytize in any way (this included religious debate or dialogue), or allow wine or pigs to be shown in public.

Polytheists were forced to convert to Islam with some rare exceptions (such as the Hindus in India). Zoroastrianism was the majority faith in Iran until Islam almost completely extinguished it, both by sword, economic inequality, and brutal repression of Zoroastrian customs (unless they could be Islamicized like Nourouz).

This system of inequality between Muslims and non-Muslims persisted up to the colonial period, when it reversed. As a result of colonization, the segregated Dhimmi System gave way to a new, modern bureaucratic system where Europeans were the dominant class and natives, regardless of their religion were second-class, unless they became part of the bureaucracy. To do this, a person would require an education in order to become literate and be able to successfully perform functions in the Arab World. As Jews and Christians sought education, they were able to ascend the hierarchy and become relatively powerful compared to the Muslim majority. When the Islamic World became independent, only the Lebanese Christians were able to maintain this dominant position (and only until the Lebanese Civil War of 1975-1991). In other countries, the end of colonization saw a brief rise in Anti-Semitism followed by a mass exodus of Jews from majority-Muslim countries for Israel, UK, France, the United States and Canada. Those Jews and Christians who remained garnered a more equal status than anything that they had previously had under Muslim leadership, but still are unequal in terms of their inability to proselytize, the unofficial "requirement" to avoid offending Islam in public, and the need to seek the authority of high government officials to build new houses of worship or to repair existing ones.

*Although Muslims also had to pay the kharaj in theory, in practice the tax rate for kharaj on Muslims was slight compared to the amount required by the Dhimmi peoples.

The special books of islam are the Quran and the Sunna

The Muslims contributed a lot to literature. The Qur'an, the last holy Book, is in itself a matchless book. The Muslims wrote many books on astrology, astronomy, Mathematics, Algebra, Chemistry, Medicine, and social sciences. The Muslims translated many books on various subjects written by Greek philosophers.

Al-Khwarizmi, a Persian Muslim polymath, invented the concept of searching for the unknown, which serves as the fundamental basis of algebra.

ridley ivonov

The Muslims are commanded by Almighty Allah and beloved Prophet Muhammad (SAW) to serve human beings and work for the peaceful progress of human society. In this way, Islam proves a blessing for all humans.

the Hazarajat near Kabul

Islam as a religion was not actually spread by Arab armies at all; it was spread by (1) using discriminatory legislation within territories controlled by the Arab Islamic Caliphates to promote conversion to Islam and (2) sending missionaries and business people to areas outside of the Caliphates to convert foreign dignitaries and subjects.

As for "Islam" as a euphemism for the countries where Islam was an official religion, these empires ONLY expanded through conquest. Unlike European dynasties where territories would be added or subtracted based on strategic marriages, the leaders of Islamic Empires intentionally married women who had no nobility or claims to territory to prevent the rise of a potent aristocracy with familial connections to the throne.

The commonalty claim Abu Bakr as their khaleefa after Rasoolullaah (saws). The other Khaleefa who succeeded Abu Bakr are Umr and Usmaan. They consider Maulaana 'Ali (as) as the 4th Khaleefa which contradicts and disobeys the words of Rasoolullaah (saws). After the period of Khilaafat ended, there was no leader for them who would guide them on the righteous path of religion as they were deviated from the divine and righteous path of Allaah right after the death of Rasoolullaah (saws) by appointing Abu Nakr as their 1st Khaleefa. Hence for them, it was necessary to have a authority who would answer their queries and doubts. They then passed a resolution that learned person who is well versed with the teachings of the religion being elected as their leader and "Mufti". Mufti is the one who passes 'fatwa' after studying all the dimensions of the query according to his intellect and understanding. They claim that their decisions are based on the Books of Hadees. None of the books of Hadees bears authenticity as the Hadees described in them are all doctored and manipulated. It is their tradition that a Mufti passes a Fatwa at one place and the other one residing at some place abrogates the Fatwa of the previous Mufti. Contradiction and Imperfection has become the foundation of their beliefs.

Most of it. The only areas of Europe that were conquered by Muslim states were (most of) Modern Spain and Portugal (from the 700s up until about 1500 AD), most of the Balkans (between about 1400 and 1920), and at various times areas of modern Poland, Ukraine Hungary and Russia.

This means western and northern Europe - the area of the modern countries France, Italy, the Netherlands, Scandinavia, Germany, Great Britain, etc.

Conquest: The Umayyads supervised the conquest of the Shiite territories in the east (such as southern Iraq and Persia), the conquest of eastern Anatolia, and the conquest of the Maghreb and Andalucia (modern Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, and Spain).

Culture: The Umayyad Dynasty was not known for its cultural ascendancy, that belonged to the later Abbassid Dynasty. The Umayyads did lead to the conversion of many Maghrebis to Islam on account of the prevalent "to the victor's religion mentality". They also instituted a number of policies to make conversion more appealing for imperial subjects, but this was an issue of laws, not of culture.

In the early days of Islam, while there was a certain priority on lesser jihad, which is the spread and protection of the faith, by violent means if necessary, the primary focus was on greater jihad, or the internal struggle with oneself. Part of that was the gaining of "ilm", "knowledge".

When Islam spread to a new land, it was common for the new Muslim rulers to gather the texts of that land, translate them into Arabic, and disseminate that information to all his Islamic brethren, protecting that knowledge. This knowledge was also furthered by the application and connection of concepts learned from ancient documents. For instance, Muslim mathematicians applied Indic numerals, the decimal system, and the concept of "zero" (from India) to Euclid's Geometry (from Greece) and created the science of algebra. They were also among the first to scientifically study the heavens, based on observations made by ancient astrologers, astronomers, and geographers, which is why many of the stars carry Arabic names.

Later, during Late Medieval and Renaissance periods in Europe, these texts were translated back into European languages (which is why, where many historical texts are concerned, there is some controversy about mistranslation. At the point that some of these texts came back to Europe, they were on their 3rd, 4th, or 5th translation between languages.)

They get along but Slafi Muslims (like ISIS, Al-Qaede, Wahhabis,...) do not get along with both Shia and Sunni Muslims. they want to make war between Shia and Sunni and media propaganda shows that it is Shia/Sunni war. for example in Iran Shia and Sunni are living in peace and pray at common mosques. but ISIS is a different matter. it is managed by Israel to "Divide and Rule" Muslims.

Islam represented a highly successful, prosperous, and expansive civilization, encompassing parts on Africa, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. While Chinese culture and Buddhism provided the cultural anchor of East Asia during the postclassical millennium and western Eurasiam, the realm of Islam touched on both of them and decisively shaped the history of the entire Afro-Eurasin world. The sudden emergence and rapid spread of a huge empire that stretched from Spain to India. A new and innovative civilization took shape, drawing on Arab, Persain, Turkish, Greco-Roman, South Asain, and African cultures. It was the most influential of the new third-wave civilization. Then the broad reach of Islam generated many of the greatest cultural encounters. Islamic civilization challenged and provoked Christendom, penetrated and was transformed by African cultures, and also took root in India, Central Asia, Southeastern Asia. The spread o Islam continued in this modern era, perhaps 1.2 billion people identified as Muslims.

In comparison with Buddha, Jesus, and Muhmmad they both reflected onn prevailing patriarchal values, even as they both offered women new opportunities. Muhmmad and Jesus both beliebed in one god, while Muhmmad called his god "Allah." They both also were messengers of religious subjects.

Christanity, Islamic, and Buddhism believed in a moral society.

Saladin is a cat known as an Egyptian Mau. He is silver and spotted.

Most people would assume that "the Catholic rulers coming to power" refers to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella when they finally united the Christian Kingdoms of Iberia (except for Portugal) and ended the last Islamic Kingdom, the Nasrid Emirate of Granada, in 1492. However, from the years 1252-1492, almost all of the Spanish Jews and the majority of Spanish Muslims were living in Catholic controlled territory. Some, like the population of Toledo, were under consistent Catholic control from 1085. As a result, this question will discuss the situation in both Islamic Spain and Catholic Spain pre-1492.

Islamic Spain
Jews were subject to one of the most liberal-for-its-time sets of laws in the Umayyad Caliphate. While they had higher taxes, were forced to live in specific areas, be subject to occasional violence and inequality at law, and faced job restrictions, Jews were freer in Islamic Spain than anywhere else where Jews had a significant population. Additionally, being in the same place where Muslims were having a golden age of cultural insight and development led to Islamic Spain becoming the center of the Jewish World. Jewish poetry, legal studies, art, music, and other forms of culture developed well in the Umayyad Caliphate. In northern Catholic Spain, Jews were subject to the more rigid ghettoization and Antisemitism that characterized France and Germany at the time.

Muslims who were living in the Umayyad Caliphate were uniformly treated superior to Non-Muslims, but there was a strong distinction, even among Muslims, between the Arab ruling class and the other Muslim groups like the Amazigh (Berber - North African), Muladi (Iberian Muslims), and Saqaliba (freed Slavic Slave Muslims). Business and the military both did rather well and most Muslims were involved in some form of work, either agriculture, military, or construction.

Catholic Spain Pre-1492
The situation for Jews in Catholic society once the Catholics conquered the southern half of Spain was very similar to the station that they had had under the Muslim aegis. There were requirements for them to pay inordinate taxes, live in specific ghettos, be subject to occasional pogroms, and restrictions as to what jobs they could perform. However, considering the level of repression that Jews faced elsewhere in the Christian world (with the possible exception of Casimir III's Poland), Catholic Spain was a good place for Jews. They were primarily engaged banking and commerce, but are most noted for having helped to translate Greek classics and scientific texts from Arabic to Latin for European consumption. (The Mozarabic Christians were also renowned for these mass translations.) This knowledge would eventually lead to the end of the Middle Ages, not long after the Eviction from Spain.

While Muslims were certainly demoted from their first-class status in the Islamic Empires when they came under Catholic control, they remained active and important members of Spanish society. Muslims were responsible for a renaissance in Spanish architecture, creating the Mudejar Style, which numerous Christian princes employed in building their palaces and fortresses. Muslims also served as emissaries from Spain to other Islamic Kingdoms, given their knowledge of both Arabic and Medieval Spanish, so they could easily communicate.

Both the Jews and Muslims who remained in Catholic Spain were loyal to the various Christian monarchs like Alfonso VI of Castille and James I of Aragon until they were forced to leave in 1492 and 1526 respectively.

Caliph (or Khalifa in Arabic)