History of Judaism

In the Middle Ages the Church imposed restrictions, and in later centuries it was mainly governments that imposed restrictions.

The Maccabees were armed primarily with Hellenistic-style weapons, such as swords, spears, short-bows, and shields.

That is not a question, rather it is a subject with a question mark at the end.

Zionism is the belief that the Jews should have political self-sovereignty and is the patriotic sentiment behind the Establishment of the State of Israel.

The Zionist leadership was ardently secularist with one or two critical exceptions. These leaders included Theodor Herzl (who developed the concept of Modern Jewish Nationalism or Zionism), Eliezer ben Yehuda (who developed the Modern Hebrew Language), Ze'ev Jabotinsky (Jewish Advocate to the British and Leader of the Palmach), Menachem Begin (Leader of the Irgun and future Israeli Prime Minister), and the Halutzim in general (the Jewish pioneers who arrived in the British Mandate of Palestine in the 1920s and 1930s). On the religious side, there was primarily Rabbi Avraham Kook (First Ashkenazic Chief Rabbi of Israel and .founder of Religious Zionism) who was treading a new theological doctrine to back up Zionism with Jewish religious values.

The Palestinian Arabs were frustrated and aggrieved. They believed (and many still do) that all of the land belonged to them and being forced to share it with an invader from outside of the country would be ridiculous. The UN Partition Plan in particular accorded the Jewish State much more land than the Jews controlled at that time and was seen as catering to their interests. In fact, the Jewish State was 56% of the overall land. The Arabs completely rejected the plan. Additionally, the creation of Israel directly resulted in the Jewish-Arab Engagement of 1947-1949 which resulted in 720,000 Palestinians becoming refugees. This event is commemorated by Palestinians are the Nakba or Great Catastrophe.

The Israeli Jews were very excited by the creation of Israel which they saw as the realization of nearly 70 years of nationalist endeavors and nearly 2000 years of yearning for Jewish self-rule in Israel. In their view, it was a momentous occasion that would see the end of the Diasporic History of Judaism and create a true, unified polity of Jews from around the world. With the pain of the Holocaust so close, Israeli independence also provided many Jews with the sense that they would now be the defenders of their own of country, and not the victims of governments beyond their control. Israeli Independence Day is a huge celebration within Israel and Israel's Memorial Day is an important day whose commemoration occurs the day before Independence Day.

When the Pharisee reacted that Jesus violated the rules of the Sabbath, Jesus then told them about the time of King David. David and his men ate the food of the temple even it was only required for a priest.Abiathar the priest at that time allowed them because Yahweh allowed it. Jesus then told the Pharisee that the Sabbath was made for man not man for the Sabbath.

Jews tend to live in towns for a variety of reasons.

1) Jewish Ritual Requirements: More religious Jews tend to live close-together because they need kosher outlets for food, mikvot for cleanliness, synagogues to pray in, and a variety of other religious requirements that are easier to sustain in an urban environment.

2) Occupations: It is usually easier to get jobs in cities, especially in the highly skilled professions that many Jews either desire to participate in or actively participate in.

3) Community: Jews like to be around other Jews. There is a religious and cultural continuity that they share with each other that they do not share with others. (This is just like the Chinese or Italians.)

4) Tax Breaks: In many places, such as the Arab Caliphates and France, taxes were levied against Jews for land ownership. Living in a town meant less land and therefore fewer taxes.

Ptolemy 2 Philadelphus was the most beneficent. The Ptolemies in general, while not all kind to the Jews, didn't actively try to stamp out Judaism. That was attempted by the Seleucid king Antiochus Epiphanes.

They have been expelled, exiled, killed, ghettoized and slandered. See the attached Related Link for a list of such occurrences throughout history.

Zionism and the revival of Hebrew are more than just linked: they are two parts of the same concept. The re-establishment of the Jewish homeland includes the re-establishment of our ancient language.

I am assuming that you talking about the Jewish kings.

It depended on whether or not the kings walked with God them selves.

For example:

Saul was the 1st king, and though he was chosen by God, he did not lead the people to follow after God. The people did not do so on their own and fell into sin. Saul lost his kingship because of his "evil" heart towards God in not listening and obeying in what God told him to do.

David, the king after him, was a man of war, but lead the people to choose God and the people repented.David won many battles because God was with him and the people prospered. When David sinned in his personal life He repented before God and won God's favor once more.

David's son Solomon who reigned in his place, built a temple to God and the people followed hard after God. But when Solomon married wives of other ethnic groups, he built temples to their Gods also. The people then began to seek after other Gods and turned from their one true God with dire circumstances for the Jewish nation. I have never found that Solomon ever repented.

The Israelites' always stumbled from their moorings when their kings were not following God.

Or did you mean what was their part in the religion its self?

The Kings were not to spill the blood of sacrifice, the priests did that work before God. They were to ask God about all the goings on in the political field. They were to reign with a just hand and follow after God personally then follow the orders of God diligently.

The priests were the ones that lead the people in religion. They cared for the temple and the instruments of the temple. They lead the people in the observances and taught Gods word to the young. They killed all the offerings and took care to pray for the people.

How ever as the kings went- so the people.

Hope this helps. -Karla-

How the Jews reacted: They were horrified.. everywhere you walked in the streets, there were dead bodies... but not any bodies.. bodies of their own. Jews were being horribly treated as if they were nothing.. all thanks to Hitler.

How the non- Jews reacted: Well, to tell the truth.. most of them did nothing. Most of the world, even though they knew what was going on... ignored it. They were scared that if they got involved they would be killed. Luckily, some of the non- Jews, willingly, accepted to hide Jews and look after them until the war was over even though the penalty was death. Most of them did not succeed but some did. YAY :)

How it because a World War: America finally stood up to Germany and fought back. Japan joined Germany. But then other countries joined the Jews side. Soon there was fighting until the Germans gave in. YAY :)

The word Zionist can conjure up many emotions. Likewise the word Palestine. This question and answer will be built up over time and various links will be added to try and keep the answer as balanced as possible.

The use of the name "Palestine" in the English Language only became more common after the Renaissance according to Gudrun Krämer. The name was not used by Muslims in Ottoman times - so for almost 400 years. Most of Christian Europe referred to the area as the Holy Land. It is thought etymologically to be a form of Philistine. Indeed, the Arabic word for Palestine is Philistine.

The name Palestine was officially revived by the British after the fall of the Ottoman Empire and applied to the territory that was placed under British Mandate. Zion is a Hebrew word that means Jerusalem. The Zionist movement started in the 1800s with the aim of having a state for the Jewish people dispersed over 2000 years all over the globe in what became known as the diaspora. Jews were especially being persecuted in Eastern Europe. It seemed logical for them to have a state in their ancestral homeland of Israel. Initially, the Zionist movement encouraged immigration to Palestine to increase the Jewish population there.

The movement gained momentum in the 1900s and for various reasons which are a completely different question, the British were mandated Palestine by the League of Nations. The name Palestine was officially revived by the British at this time.

After WW2 and the major persecution and Genocide of the Jews, Israel unilaterally declared independence in 1948.

During the Holocaust, the Nazi government imprisoned and killed millions of ethnic and religious minorities, as well as political dissidents and homosexuals, in concentration camps. Almost all people born to German mothers by African-American soldiers who fought in World War I were killed in the Holocaust.

jaws

One of the main problems in answering this is that there are several different definitions of Zionism that are used.

1) Believing that the Jews have the right to a State on the historic Land of Israel.

2) Believing in a Jewish-dominant State where Non-Jews are relegated to a second-Class status.

3) Being part of a world-controlling cabal.

The third, is, of course, simply another form of Anti-Semitism where the cabal is called "Zionists" instead of "Jews" since people immediately recognize the "Jewish cabal" claims to be Anti-Semitic and have a harder time recognizing the same thing with a different label.

The second is a view by those who accept Israel's existence, but want to create a line between Left-Wing Zionism and Right-Wing Zionism. The latter is more akin to the types of nationalism we see in Europe currently.

Even assuming that the first definition is used, not all Jews share the same understanding as to what Israel means. Many of them are Zionists, and live in Israel. Others are anti-Zionists (this group is primarily made of ultra-religious Jews who do not recognize a Jewish right to a State and very liberal secular Jews who see Israel's Jewish Nationalism to be inherently problematic). They are Jewish, and share the same believe as the Israelis, but they don't see the point in having a Jewish state. These Jews cherish their ancestry, but just practice Judaism in other countries. The majority of Jews are pro-Zionism, and a much smaller minority are against Zionism.

Although Scotland was possibly the only European country never to enact anti-Jewish legislation and/or expel its Jewish population, very few Jews lived in the country before the late 1800s. Jewish immigration came initially from Germany but then overwhelmingly from eastern Europe - Poland, Russia and particularly what's now Lithuania.

Of course, the Jewish immigrants arrived with 'Jewish' family names typical of eastern Europe but, assimilating in the second generation (and particularly during World War 1 when 'German' names like Goldberg or Rosenblum were not a good idea in Scotland) many Jews adopted typically Scottish family names. So Cohen became often Cowan and and many Roths and Rothmans became Reids (both names mean 'red').

To that extent Reid is not an uncommon Scottish Jewish family name (it's my name in fact) but most Reids are, of course, not Jewish.

The dreidel has 4 sides with 4 Hebrew letters. In Israel, the letters are Nun, Gimmel, Hey, and Peh. This stands for the Hebrew "Nes Gadol Hayah Poh", translated as "a great miracle happened here". On dreidel's outside of Israel the Peh is replaced with a Shin changing it to "Nes Gadol Hayah Sham" or "a great miracle happened there".

The blokova is the woman who took away Chaya's blue ribbons. She's also the woman who has missing fingers.

she is a non Jew who has to watch over her group of zugangi. her fingers were cut off as a punishment by the Nazis (she was punished for escape attempts by prisoners)