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History of the Middle East
Located at the juncture of Asia, Africa and Europe, the Middle East has been one of the centers of ancient civilization. Today it continues its historic significance as it provides much of the world's energy through its oil resources.
5,104 Questions
The world hates America in the same way a lot of women hate Paris Hilton. She's richer than you are, more successful, prettier and act like she is shallow but is in fact devious, cunning and a little bit sadistic, whilst still championing "good causes". Of course not all girls hate Paris, and not everyone hates America.
What were non-Jewish people from the Roman Empire called?
Pagans
Most Romans were non-Jews. The Jews were a very small people and a negligible portion of the population of an empire which was huge. It included western Europe up to southern Germany and parts of central Germany + the Balkan peninsula in eastern Europe + Turkey, Syria, Lebanon and a slice of Saudi Arabia + North Africa.
The population of the empire had been estimated at 60 millions, which in days when population levels were much lower than now, was massive.
What did they use to mummify body?
I actually can't hoped to use this site for reference but I can't. :(
Which empire developed the first library of Nineveh?
The Neo-Assyrian empire, the library was built by Ashurbanipal
The question is driving at the decision to divide Mandatory Palestine between a Jewish State and an Arab State according to UNGA Resolution 181 (II).
However, the qualification of "much" is problematic. While this resolution is responsible for some of the current conflict in the Middle East, most of the sources of Middle East conflicts are endemic to the Middle East and are not due to any UN Resolutions. For example, the Arab-Israeli conflict is the only conflict that resulted from UNGA Resolution 181 (II) and even most of that conflict still would have taken place without a UN resolution since both sides were already fighting. Also the Lebanese Civil War, the Iran-Iraq War, the Persian Gulf Wars, the current Syrian Civil War, and numerous other conflicts in the Middle East have nothing to do with UNGA Resolution 181 (II).
Who is the caliph with the shortest rule in history?
Umayyad Caliph Ibrahim ruled for a few weeks at the end of the year 744 C.E. This is the shortest reign of any Caliph.
If you are referring to the Rightly-Guided Caliphs, Hassan ibn Ali ruled as Caliph for seven months in 661 C.E. before ceding power to Mu'awiya and conceding the end of the the Rightly-Guided Caliphs. Of the four dominant Rightly-Guided Caliphs, colleague Ibrahim El-Osery is correct that Abu Bakr ibn Quhafah reigned for the the shortest amount of time, 27 months from 632 C.E. to 634 C.E.
What are the Palestinians fighting for?
Depends on the Palestinian. Some want the West Bank and Gaza Strip as an independent Palestinian State. The remainder want all of the former British Mandate of Palestine as a Palestinian State.
How are ways that the Arab culture have influenced the English culture?
The Arab culture (Islam) was at its height while Christian Europe was still in its Dark Age. Many of the things western culture takes for granted today were introduced to Britain by the returning Crusaders: the concepts of higher education (and advanced mathematics), hospitals, a judicial system, fabrics other than wool, spices, etc.
What was the religion of the Arabs before Islam?
Arabia was majority pagan before the arrival of Islam. They believed in many gods (polytheism) and were open the idea of there being many other gods besides what they worshipped (henotheism).
Allah was the creator sky God who was supreme above the other gods. However he was not directly accessible to Mankind so they worshipped an array of intercessor gods and demons who interceded to Allah on behalf of the person praying.
The chief of these gods was Hubal. Hubal was portrayed as a man of rock with an arm of gold. Then there were the chief three goddesses Al-Lat (considered feminine form of Allah), Al-Uzza & Al-Manat. They were considered to be the daughters of Allah. Al-Lat was the mother goddess, she was also said to have been worshipped in Carthage and the Levant. She has been depicted riding a camel and is equated with Roman Minerva and Greek Athena. Al-Uzza was a war goddess and Goddess of Beauty, the pagan Arabs envoked her before heading into battle. She was portrayed as some kind of warrior queen and has been equated with Egyptian Isis and Greek Aphrodite. The third was Al-Manat who is said to have been the most ancient of the three. She was the Goddess of time and fate and was associated with death. She is equated with the Graeco-Roman goddess Nemesis.
Other major deities of the pagan Arabs included;
Wadd - Love and Friendship
Dhu'l'Khalasa - Oracular god of white stone
Manaf - Women and Menses
Ta'lab - Oracular deity originating from Sheba
Dhushara - Lord of the Mountain
Amm - Moon god, associated with Weather and Lightning
Al-Qaum - War and Night. Envoked to protect caravans.
The pagan Arabs also believed in minor gods and demons known as Jinn (Jinnee, Genie). Belief in Jinns remained as a part of Islam. Marids and Ifrits were two types of Jinn. There were other monsters such as Ghouls, who roamed the deserts at night and ate the flesh of the dead. There was also the Nasnas, depicted as half a man. It was said to have been a dangerous and agile creature. Bahamuth (Behemoth) was a large creature that crushed its victims.
The pagan Arabs didn't believe in an afterlife. They believed that once you died that was it, you were dust.
The Kabah (cube in Mecca) was filled with some 360 idol prior to the arrival of Islam. The exact worship rituals of the Pagan Arabs are not known but there are references to them. Circumabulating around the Kabah as Muslims do today while performing Hajj or Umrah was one of the mentioned rituals. It is more than likely that they prostrated and bowed infront of their idols and gave offerings (possibly food, clothes, water, wealth etc). Swaying, playing tambourines, reciting poetry and dancing may have also formed part of the worship rituals of the pre-Islamic Arabs. Sacrifices of animals and even humans (often babies) have been documented. These were said to be done in times of great need but cannot be said for certain. It is possible that the burying of infant daughters as documented in the Qur'an may have been linked to such human sacrifice rituals but cannot be verified.
What were the original civilizations?
The Aztecs in South America, Mayans in Central America, Incans in Peru, Romans in Europe, Egyptians in northern Africa, Babylonians, Assyrians, Sumerians, and Persians in modern Iraq, Greeks in Greece, Chinese in China (longest-lasting empire in the world, too), and probably many others that I didn't mention.
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Civilizations in this context I will be assuming to be complex societies that are categorized by having an increasingly dominant social form (e.g. complex division of people into different jobs/roles, the emergency of literacy and literate class normally characterized by a political and religious hierarchies, monumental public buildings that were built using skilled labour all supported by a particularly intensive agricultural system to support it all meaning they are all located near fresh water bodies/rivers. Ancient Civilizations are deemed to have emerged around 6,000 years ago in four main regions:
- The Lower Tigris and Euphrates Valley (Summerian/Mesopotamia Civilization);
- The valley of the Nile (Ancient Egypt Civilization);
- The Indus Valley around Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro (Indus Civilization);
- The Yellow River around An-yang (Chinese Civilization).
The early civilizations of America (Inca/Mayan Civilizations), Greeks (Minoan/Mycenaean Civilizations), Korean, Persia, Romans emerged considerably later, and are not considered ancient.
What is happening in Gaza right now?
Answer #1:
It depends entirely on which day "today" is.
Currently, on December 8, 2013, the son of Greek Orthodox Priest
Gabriel Nadaf, a resident of Nazareth, Israel, was beaten by Israeli
Muslims because of Nadaf's vocal support of the IDF and enlistment.
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Answer #2: (same date, from another contributor)
My grandkids went to the synagogue with their parents yesterday,
and today, their mother took them to the park and to visit their
other (local) grandmother.
What was Benjamin netanyahu's role in the israeli-palestinian conflict?
He signed the Oslo Accords with Yasser Arafat providing for Palestinian-controlled Gaza. He was assassinated by an Israeli Jewish Extremist for being too dovish and "leading to the destruction of Israel".
The fundamental issue between Israel on the one side, and the Muslim nations
and so-called Palestinian "refugees" on the other side, is the existence of a
sovereign and democratic nation largely populated and controlled by Jews, in
the place where Israel is.
What country defeated Muslims at the battle of tours?
Remember this saying, "In 732 at the battle of Tours, Charles Martel defeated the Moors." He was king of the Franks.
How were the Muslims able to conquer both the Persian and byzantine empire?
The Byzantine Empire was a powerful nation which controlled the trading hub of Constantinople, and whose government offered a greater degree of stability than most European nations at the time. The Islamic Caliphate was a dynamic and prosperous nation which benefited from the zeal of its people and the power of its religion. Both empires were culturally and scientifically advanced.
What food production is limited in the middle east?
one particular crop that is grown in the middle eat is the olive.
What city started the crusades?
Many cities were attackd by the crusaders. The most important two were:
- Jerusalem, captured by the crusaders of the First Crusade in 1099, with its entire population slaughtered, without concern whether they were Muslim or Christian.
- Constantinople, the capital of the Eastern Empire, which was sacked by the crusaders of the Fourth Crusade in 1204.
What are ways that Arabs who lived in villages make their living?
Arabs make living through trade,harvesting, that's pretty much it. I should know my Friend is one and so am I.
How did the Arab-israeili war of 1948 affect Palestinian Arabs?
The Palestinian Arabs and Jewish Militias were already embroiled in a civil war as early as 1946 (but primarily in 1947) before the conflict widened to be an international Arab-Israeli War. Most Palestinians fled either because of fear of Jewish/Israeli retaliation, incitement by community leaders, or generally a desire to be away from the conflict. After the war, Palestinians see the events of the 1947-1949 Jewish-Arab Engagement as the Nakba (Great Catastrophe).
What are the non-Arab petroleum producing countries?
The following countries produce more than 1% of the world's petroleum and are listed from most to least percentage:
Country
Percent of Production
Arab or Non-Arab
OPEC Member
Russia
12.65%
Non-Arab
Non-OPEC
Saudi Arabia
11.28%
Arab
OPEC
United States
10.74%
Non-Arab
Non-OPEC
Iran
4.77%
Non-Arab
OPEC
China
4.56%
Non-Arab
Non-OPEC
Canada
3.90%
Non-Arab
Non-OPEC
Iraq
3.75%
Arab
OPEC
United Arab Emirates
3.32%
Arab
OPEC
Mexico
3.56%
Non-Arab
Non-OPEC
Kuwait
2.96%
Arab
OPEC
Brazil
3.05%
Non-Arab
Non-OPEC
Nigeria
2.62%
Non-Arab
OPEC
Venezuela
2.93%
Non-Arab
OPEC
Norway
2.79%
Non-Arab
Non-OPEC
Algeria
2.52%
Arab
OPEC
Angola
2.31%
Non-Arab
OPEC
Kazakhstan
1.83%
Non-Arab
Non-OPEC
Qatar
1.44%
Arab
OPEC
United Kingdom
1.78%
Non-Arab
Non-OPEC
Azerbaijan
1.20%
Non-Arab
Non-OPEC
Indonesia
1.66%
Non-Arab
Non-OPEC
Where is the original nation of israel?
1) Geographically, the original country of Israel is where the modern country of Israel exists today. The borders are not identical, but Israel overlays its ancient location to a large degree.
2) In terms of genealogy, the descendants of the ancient Tribes of Israel today are the Jewish people worldwide. The great majority of Jews today, some 80% or so, are descended from the tribe of Judah (plus converts and descendants of converts). The remaining 20% include Levites (from the tribe of Levi), Cohanim (also a part of the Levites), the entire Tribe of Benjamin, and a small percentage from every one of the remaining tribes. (When the Ten Tribes were carried off into Assyria and didn't return, a few of them had already mixed into the tribe of Judah before that, through marriage. Also, the Talmud relates [Megillah 14b] that, one century after the Ten Tribes were exiled [and their location was still known], Jeremiah journeyed to where they were and brought some of them back to Judea. Thus, today's Jewry includes a small percentage of every one of the Lost Tribes. See for example the Talmud, Pesachim 4a.)
As to the location of the bulk of the lost Ten Tribes, because of the lack of a continuous tradition in this particular matter, we can only speculate. Some well-known claims, such as the suggestion that the Native Americans or African Americans are the Lost Israelite Tribes, we can confidently dismiss offhand. Other claims, such as that which has been suggested concerning the Pathani (Pashtun), are less far-fetched but must for the time being remain nothing more than a guess.
See also:
Who won the 6 day war of Egypt Israel?
The Six-Day War was fought between Israel and the coalition of Arab forces led by Egypt (the erstwhile United Arab Republic), Syria, and Jordan (with some support from Iraq and Lebanon), and was fought between June 5 and 10, 1967.
The Yom Kippur War was fought between Israel and the neighboring Arab countries of Egypt and Syria, and was fought between October 6 and 25, 1973. Iraq and Jordan both supported Syrian troops to some extent, although there was little direct conflict with Israeli forces.
Real or tacit support came from countries such as Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, and Cuba.
After which event was the State of Israel established?
The ancient state of Israel was established long before any historic event
that involved the USA. The modern State of Israel was established after
World War I and also after World War II.
